Ex1 Review Session Flashcards
In the graph of death rate across all ages, there is an “out of place” spike at age —- because of —–.
age 0 because of infant mortality
What are the leading causes of death?
heart disease and cancer
There was a big spike in death rate from cold/flu during…
the spanish flu
North America has an ——- average lifespan.
above average
Genetics determine ——- while environment determines ———.
genetics - longevity - the length of life
environment - aging - the decline in physiological functions
How is the aging of hydra different than humans?
their stem cells will grow and divide indefinitely
How is the aging of elephants different than humans?
they have a shorter lifespan than humans but have longer reproductive span and longer gestation
What are the two main NIA objectives?
- better understand the biology of aging and effect on disease
(aging is not a disease, factors, physical changes, loss of adaptation) - better understand the effects of personal/societal factors on aging
(
Aging is NOT…
a disease
What is the NIA?
National Institute on Aging
What are the three components of successful aging?
avoid disease
maintain physiologic/cognitive function
remain active in life
What are advantages and disadvantages of using the terms successful and usual aging?
advantages:
benchmark for when age related interventions should start
disadvantages:
not attainable, most people have decline, everyone is different
What are the three main physiological changes in aging?
- physiological rhythms
- loss of complexity
- homeostenosis
What is loss of complexity?
tissue degeneration/organ systems slow, feedback loops diminish, and it is harder to adapt to stresses
What is homeostenosis?
a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis under stress (physiologic limit is lower, stress pushes you over, can’t restore homeostasis)
What is frailty?
clinically recognizable, decrease reserves/funtion cause increase vulnerability and less ability to cope with stressors
Homeostenosis causes ——–
frailty
What is the senescence theory of aging?
effects of bad genes only appear after reproduction, so they escape natural selection (increase uterine proliferation can lead to uterine cancer later on)
What is the genome maintenance theory of aging?
humans have longer lifespans because they maintain their genome better than other species
What is the neuroendocrine theory of aging?
hormone levels decrease in aging, less feedback loop activity
What is the free radical theory of aging?
free radicals cause oxidative DNA damage
What is the rate of living theory of aging?
biological processes reduce because out metabolic rate slows as we age
What is the replicative senescence theory of aging?
Hayflick limit - cells can only divide a certain number of times, “cellular clock,” telomeres get shorter every division until they are gone, and there will be no more division
What biochemical pathways are currently believed to be important to aging?
energy consumption
stress resistance
regulation of IGF-1 neuroendocrine pathway
What is a theory?
explanation for something that has the ability to be disproven
What are the three sub types of the evolutionary senescence theory?
mutation accumulation: late in life mutations get passed on
antagonistic pleiotropy: good genes early can become bad with age (pay later)
disposable soma: hazardous environment favors earlier reproduction and short lifespan
What is the term for aging without any health complications/diseases?
the gold-standard
