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SU14 Oral Radiology > EX2; Digital Imaging > Flashcards

EX2; Digital Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of digitization

A

to represent a particular object in form of numerical digits (zeros and ones)

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2
Q

What are the two types of digital imaging

A

direct

indirect

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3
Q

This type of digital imaging involves radiographic images obtained by x-ray exposure of solid-state image detectors

A

direct

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4
Q

In direct digital imaging, there is no intermediate step of what

A

reading or scanning

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5
Q

What are the two types of direct digital imaging

A

charge-coupled device (CCD)

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

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6
Q

This type of digital imaging involves radiographic images obtained by exposing a digital image detector and scanning or digital photo capture of film radiographs

A

indirect

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7
Q

What are the three types of indirect digital imaging

A

photostimulable storage phosphor plate (PSP)
scanning a film
taking digital photo of a film

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8
Q

This was first introduced in 1987 and the image detector is made of high-grade pure silicone

A

charge-coupled device

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9
Q

The image acquisition of the CCD is a process of what

A

transferring accumulated light or x-ray photons from one electronic well to another to a read-out device

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10
Q

This has an amorphous silicon wafer containing an array of pixels coupled to each other

A

CCD

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11
Q

What are four advantages of CCD

A

instant availability of images
better quality compared to PSP
durable
consistent image quality

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12
Q

What are four disadvantages of CCD

A

expensive
bulky
wire attachment
smaller active area compared to equivalent size film

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13
Q

This has silicone-based semiconductors

A

CMOS

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14
Q

Where else besides digital radiographs is CMOS found

A

video camera detectors

central processing chips of computers

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15
Q

What are five advantages to CMOS

A 
instant availability of image
durable
consistent image quality
less expensive that CCD
slightly more rugged than CCD
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16
Q

What are four disadvantages to CMOS

A

expensive compared to PSP
bulky; wireless is even bulkier
wire attachment
smaller active area compared to equivalent film size

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17
Q

What are the two components of storage phosphor plates (PSP)

A

supporting base

outer coating of radiosensitive phosphor material

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18
Q

What is the composition of phosphor

A

europium-doped barium fluorohalide; similar to intensifying screen phosphors

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19
Q

What is the difference between PSP phosphor and intensifying screen phosphor

A

PSP traps a significant number of electrons in its phosphor, which is later read by a laser beam

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20
Q

The phosphor layer absorbed x-ray photons, and causes the energy to do what

A

move valence electron to conduction band

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21
Q

The number of electrons stored in PSP is proportional to what

A

x-ray photons

LATENT IMAGE

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22
Q

What is a spectrum of the red laser beam

A

633nm

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23
Q

The trapped PSP electrons return to the valence band and emit what

A

300-500nm light (green spectrum)

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24
Q

The green spectrum light is transited to what and converted to what

A

the photomultiplier tube and the light energy is converted to electrical enerfy

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25
Q

What is the electrical energy of PSP

A

ADC; stored and displayed as digital image

26
Q

What are four advantages to PSP

A

wider latitude; forgiving in choice of kVp and mAs
available is standard sizes
well tolerated by patients
economically priced

27
Q

What are five disadvantages of PSP

A 
prone to scratches; short life span
read-out should be done ASAP (6-8hours)
require processing
semi-dark room required
require exposure to bright light for erasing previous image before reuse
28
Q

What are four digital detector characteristics

A

contrast resolution
spatial resolution
detector latitude
detector sensitivity

29
Q

This is the ability to distinguish different densities in radiographic images

A

contrast resolution

30
Q

What bit depth do digital detectors capture data

A

8, 10, 12 or 16

31
Q

How many different densities/gray levels are there with contrast resolution

A

256-65,536

32
Q

Convention computer monitors display how many bits and gray levels

A

8 bit

242 gray levels

33
Q

The human visual system is capable of distinguishing how many gray levels

A

60 gray levels

34
Q

In a dental operatory environment, less than how many gray levels are distinguishable

A

30 gray levels

35
Q

This is the ability to identify two objects placed very close to each other

A

spatial resolution

36
Q

What is the average line pair/mm in D-speed films

A

20

37
Q

What is the average line pair/mm in digital images

A

24

38
Q

What is the average line pair/mm in normal untrained eyes

A

4-6

39
Q

This is the ability of an image detector to capture a range of x-ray exposures of tissue densities ranging from gingiva to enamel (for example)

A

detector latitude

40
Q

What is the useful detector latitude range

A

0.5-2.5

41
Q

This is the ability of the detector to respond to smaller amount of radiation

A

detector sensitivity

42
Q

True or False

There are no standards for dental digital detectors like there are for film (i.e. speed D, E, F)

A

True

43
Q

What is the film speed equivalent of PSP

A

F speed

44
Q

What is the dosage of a CCD and CMOS compared to F-speed film

A

half the dosage

45
Q

What does the monitor consist of

A

display device
circuity
enclosure

46
Q

What three things compose the display device of the monitor

A

cathode ray (256GU)
thin film transistor; ultra high resolution
organic light emitting diode; higher contrast and better viewing angle than LCD

47
Q

What is the hard copy

A

paper or film

48
Q

This is an operation that acts to improve, restore, analyze, or change a digital image

A

image processing

49
Q

What does image processing improve if used judiciously

A

diagnostic accuracy

50
Q

True or False

Image processing may improve the diagnosis of one disease while obscuring another

A

True

51
Q

Image processing can be linked to what

A

fraud

52
Q

This is designed to extract diagnostically important information from an image

A

image analysis

53
Q

This consists of digital rulers, densitometers, trabecular bone pattern

A

measurement

54
Q

This consists of automation of detection, classification and quantification of radiological signs

A

diagnosis

55
Q

What are six advantages of digital imaging

A 
instantaneous
lower radiation dose
consistent quality
high signal/noise ratio
image manipulation
digital subtraction radiography
56
Q

What are five disadvantages of digital imaging

A 
relatively lower resolution than film
quality depends on monitor and printer
print quality is often no optimal
higher initial cost
unwanted manipulation of images
57
Q

This is recognized standard for communication of images and related information, its voluntary international in scope

A

digital imaging and communication in medicine; DICOM

58
Q

What makes DICOM efficient

A

integration of different modalities in one dental office

59
Q

What makes DICOM portable

A

simplify exchange of images between dental and medical offices when patients move or require specialist care

60
Q

What gives DICOM integrity

A

attributes uniquely identify the patient, procedure, procedure date, and protect image integrity

SU14 Oral Radiology (22 decks)

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