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A&K > Ex Phys > Flashcards

Ex Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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2
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

Synthesis of molecules

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3
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

Breakdown of molecules

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4
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Converting foodstuffs into energy

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5
Q

Roles of Glucose

A

Energy source, protein sparer, metabolic primer, Fuel for CNS

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6
Q

How is fat stored

A

triglycerides

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7
Q

What must fat be broken down into?

A

Free Fatty Acid

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8
Q

Protein broken down into?

A

Amino Acids

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9
Q

How does ATP release energy

A

ATP is broken down by catalyst ATP-ase, a phosphate is broken off and energy is released. By products are ADP and Pi

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10
Q

How long does stored ATP last?

A

1-3 sec

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11
Q

Name the Energy Systems

A

Phosphocreatine
Glycolysis
Oxidative System (Krebs, ETC, Beta Oxidation)

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12
Q

How does the ATP-PCr system work?

A

Phosphocreatine and energy and ADP are the reactants. Creatine Kinase breaks down PCr - release a phosphate, energy and creatine. ADP uses the released energy and the phosphate and becomes ATP and Creatine is also left over.

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13
Q

When is ATP-PCr used?

A

beginning of exercise, during high intensity exercise. IT is anaerobic.

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14
Q

When is ATP-PCr system replenished?

A

During aerobic recovery. Needs oxygen to be replenished, is fully replenished depending on duration of recovery.

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15
Q

Is Glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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16
Q

When is glycolysis activated?

A

When PCr begins to decrease

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17
Q

What are the substrates and products?

A

Glucose/glycogen - substrate

Product - pyruvate or lactate

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18
Q

What is the Net production of ATP?

A

Glycogen - 3

Glucose - 2

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19
Q

What happens to Pyruvate at the end of Glycolysis

A

If no oxygen is present it is converted to lactic acid

If oxygen is present it is transported to the Krebs Cycle in the mitochondria

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20
Q

Why is too much Lactic Acid problematic?

A

Lactate and H+ are the end products of glycolysis, too much H+ causes a rise in acidity. This will cause a decrease in intensity, muscle fatigue, nausea/vomiting, prevents glycogen breakdown, impairs muscle contraction by blocking Ca++ binding

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21
Q

How does the body decrease the amount of H+ ions building up?

A

It uses NADH to transport H+ to FAD in mitochondria via GP shuttle (glycerol phosphate shuttle)

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22
Q

what happens when all the NADH are full and there are no NAD’s?

A

NAD must be present to remove H+ at step 6 of glycolysis or else glycolysis will start to slow down.

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23
Q

If exercise intensity increases and oxygen deficit is filled and oxygen is present, what happens after glycolysis

A

Pyruvate is transported to the Krebs Cycle (Oxidative Metabolism)

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24
Q

Oxidative Metabolism is..

A

aerobic. It uses fats, proteins, and carbs to make ATP.

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25
Q

where does oxidative metabolism take place?

A

In mitochondria

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26
Q

What type of exercise uses oxidative metabolism?

A

Lower intensity, long duration activities

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27
Q

Briefly explain the Krebs Cycle?

A

Pyruvate is broken into Acetyl-CoA. Acetyl CoA is oxidized (H+ removed).

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28
Q

What stimulates ATP-PCr cycle?

A

onset of exercise, high itensity, brief bouts.

increase in ADP.

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29
Q

What Stimulates the glycolysis pathway?

A

an increase in AMP, ADP, Pi, and pH (higher)

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30
Q

What stimulates the krebs cycle

A

presence of oxygen, ADP, Ca++, NAD

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31
Q

How much ATP is produced by using CHO?

A

32

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32
Q

How much ATP is produced by using Fat?

A

129

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33
Q

At what percent does your body begin using fat instead of CHO

A

at about 30% VO2 max. AT the crossover point there is fiber type shift and an increase in epinephrine.

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34
Q

running at sub max intensity for long periods of time (about 50-60% of VO2max) would cause you to burn more of what

A

Fats, because there is a decreased availability of carbohydrate. It switches over at about 20 min.

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35
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

combining glucose molecules in the liver or muscle to form glycogen

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36
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

occurs during exercise

glucose molecules taken from glycogen stored in the liver, sent to the blood stream into cells to be metabolized

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37
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Break substrates apart and release energy

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38
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

require energy to form one molecule

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39
Q

When is aerobic metabolism used?

A

During rest and endurance activities

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40
Q

What are the products of anaerobic metabolism

A

energy, CO2, lactic acid.

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41
Q

Can fats or protein be broken down anaerobically?

A

no, only CHO

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42
Q

Componenets of ATP-PCr system?

A

substrates - PCr and ADP

enzyme- Creatine Kinase

Products - ATP and Creatine

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43
Q

How long will ATP-PCr system last?

A

10-15 sec

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44
Q

How if PCr reformed?

A

When ATP is used it is broken down and energy is released and used to form PCr

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45
Q

Components of glycolysis?

A

substrate - glucose

products - 2 ATP, hydrogen, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, NADH

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46
Q

How many ATP do you need to metabolize glucose/glycogen?

A

glucose - 2

glycogen- 1

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47
Q

When are hydrogens produced in glycolysis? Why is hydrogen necessary?

A

after the 4th reaction.

Hydrogen are necessary for producing ATP aerobically. NAD molecules carry the hydrogen to mitochondria for aerobic metabolism

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48
Q

What metabolic process does your body use at rest?

A

Aerobic metabolism. Almost 100% of ATP is produced this way at restf

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49
Q

AT rest blood lactate levels are ?

A

low <1.00 mmol/L

50
Q

AT rest resting O2 consumption is

A

.25L/min

3.5 ml/kg/min (resting metabolic rate)

51
Q

what is the best measure of cardiorespiratory endurance and aerobic fitness?

A

VO2 max

52
Q

How is absolute VO2 measured?

A

Liters of oxygen per minute

4.0 L/min

53
Q

How relative VO2 measured

A

milliliters per kilogram per minute

45 ml/kg/min

54
Q

What does your resting metabolic rate represent?

A

Ability to synthesize the resting demand for ATP using aerobic metabolism

55
Q

What does Steady State represent?

A

ability to synthesize the elevated demand for ATP using aerobic metabolism

56
Q

What does VO2 max represent

A

ability to synthesize an individual’s maximal demand for ATP using aerobic metabolism

57
Q

Rapid portion of EPOC (20%) used to …

A

replace O2 deficit
re-synthesize stored PCr
Replenish muscle and blood O2 stores

58
Q

slow portion of EPOC (80%) used to…

A

Elevated HR and breath rate require an increase need for energy - still performing aerobic metabolism

elevated body temperature - increases metabolic rate (need more oxygen)

Elevated epi and norepi - increased metabolic rate

conversion of lactate to glucose (gluconeogensis)

59
Q

Lactate threshold

A

used to predict performance and mark training intensity limits.

occurs at a % of VO2 max, higher threshold = more fit

60
Q

RER - respiratory exchange ratio

A

Ratio of CO2 expired to the amount of O2 consumed

RER = VCO2/VO2

61
Q

RER shows how much oxygen is needed to..

A

breakdown food. more oxygen is used when breaking down fat vs carb because fat as more carbon molecules

62
Q

RER close to 1

A

means you are metabolizing glucose

63
Q

RER close to .7

A

means you are metabolizing mostly fat

64
Q

Where does aerobic metabolism occur?

A

Within the mitochondria

65
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

it is the process aerobic metabolism uses to create ATP within the Electron Transport Chain

66
Q

What is the purpose of the Kreb’s Cycle

A

oxidizes the molecules that enter into it by removing hydrogens and electrons. It is located in the mitochondria

67
Q

Components of Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Substrate - acetyl-CoA

Products/byproducts - CO2, ATP, FADH2, NADH

68
Q

What is the purpose of the ETC?

A

located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. This chain transports electrons from one area to another,c eating enough energy to change ADP to ATP

69
Q

Components of ETC?

A

Substrates: FADH and NADH

products/by products: ATP and H2O

70
Q

How does the ETC work?

A

sets up a H+ ion gradient, so more hydrogen is pumped out than brought in. Potential energy created by H+ ions moving down their gradient, changes ADP to ATP

71
Q

Why is oxygen necessary for aerobic metabolism?

A

Oxygen is the final acceptor for the ETC, it creates water with 2 hydrogens, keeps ETC functioning properly

72
Q

What sources of carbohydrate can be used of metabolism?

A

blood glucose, intramuscular glucose, liver glycogen, amino acids, glycerol, and lactate

73
Q

brain uses how much glucose?

A

25%

74
Q

How can lactate be used as fuel?

A

either be taken rom muscle to blood to liver to create glucose

or

used in skeletal muscle to synthesize glycogen

or

become pyruvate

75
Q

Why does fat produce so much ATP?

A

The FFA can be broken down into a large amount of acetyl CoA

76
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

the process of breaking down fatty acids into 2 carbon molecules which can further be changed into acetyl CoA

77
Q

Components of Beta Oxidation

A

substrates - ATP and fatty acids

products: NADH, acetyl CoA, FADH2

78
Q

Which chamber of the heart is the most powerful and why?

A

Left ventricle - pumps blood to the whole body

79
Q

what allows the heart to act as one muscle ?

A

intercalated disks

80
Q

What type of metabolism does the heart use?

A

aerobic mostly. has little ability to perform glycolysis

81
Q

How does blood move?

A

follows pressure gradient from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

High pressure in aorta, low pressure in capillaries

82
Q

pressure during Diastole

A

pressure in ventricles is low.
filling with blood from atria,

(AV valves open when Vpres < Apres)

83
Q

pressure during Systole

A

pressure in ventricles rises

blood ejected in pulmonary and systemic circulation

(semilunar valves open when Vpres > Apres

84
Q

Extrinsic Regular of HR: Parasympathetic

A
  • Vagus nerve

- decreases heart rate by inhibiting SA and AV node

85
Q

Extrinsic Regular of HR: Sympathetic

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves

-increase HR by stimulating SA and AV node

86
Q

Low resting HR due to…

A

parasympathetic tone

87
Q

HR at onset of exercise…

A

Initial increase due to PS withdrawal, later increases due to SNS stimulation

88
Q

Stroke volume determines

A

cardiorespiratory endurance capacity - cardiac output

89
Q

What effects Stroke volume

A

Increased EDV,

Frank Starling Mechanism,

Increased contractility (epi, norepi)

decreased after load (total peripheral resistance)(vasodilation)

90
Q

Stroke Volume increases..

A

may increase up to 40-60% of max.

dependent on position of body during exercise

91
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

CO = CR xSV

92
Q

What effects Cardiact rate?

A

PNS and SNS

93
Q

what effects stroke volume

A

SNS, Contraction strength, EDV, Frank-Starling, Mean arterial pressure

94
Q

Cardiac cycle at rest…

A

diastole longer than systole

95
Q

Cardiac cycle at exercise

A

systole and diastole are shorter

96
Q

SV during exercise..

A

increases to max, then either plateau’s or declines due to increases in heart rate

97
Q

What is deamination?

A

process of nitrogen group being taken off of an amino acid

98
Q

What is the purpose of deamination?

A

starts the process of protein metabolism.

99
Q

Pathways of which deaminated amino acids can enter aerobic metabolism

A

amino acids can be converted into pyruvate or used to form glucose

converted into acetylCoA to be metabolized

Amino acids can directly enter the Krebs cycle and be metabolized

100
Q

At rest how much of ATP is generated by carb and fat?

A

fat- 66%

carb - 33 %

101
Q

constant intensity, for long duration does what physiologically?

A

increased hormone response by epi and norepi and glucagon

-activates lipase causing metabolism of fatty acids

any endurance activity lasting longer than 60 minutes

102
Q

Blood flow =

A

(change in pressure)/resistance

103
Q

Blood flow is directly proportionate to

A

the pressure difference between the 2 ends of the system

inversely proportional to resistance

104
Q

Pressure is proportional to

A

difference between MAP and right atrial pressure

105
Q

Resistance - depends upon

A

length of vessel, viscosity of blood, radius of the vessel

106
Q

Resistance =

A

(length x viscosity)/ radius^4

107
Q

MAP decreases..

A

throughout systemic circulation. Largest drop occurs across the arterioles

108
Q

Site of oxygen exchange

A

capillaries

109
Q

one way valves prevent..

A

back flow of blood in the wrong direction. makes the heart work efficeiently

110
Q

heart receives blood supply from

A

coronary artery which branches off of the aorta

111
Q

what is anastomosis

A

protective communication between 2 arteries that will provide blood flow to an area regardless of blockage

112
Q

Systole

A

contraction phase

113
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase

114
Q

SA Node

A

pacemaker - atrial contraction

115
Q

AV Node

A

delays ventricle contraction

116
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

spread impulse to cause rapid, full contraction of both ventricles

117
Q

Pwave

A

atrial contraction

118
Q

QRS

A

ventricular contraction

119
Q

T wave

A

ventricular relaxation and depolarization

120
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

increase in contractile force due to an increase in EDV which increases ventricle stretching which increases contractile force and thus an increased Stroke volume

121
Q

a decrease in plasma volume..

A

increases the blood’s oxygen carrying abilities,

A&K (6 decks)

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