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Physiology Vet 602 > Ex 3 Lecture: vasculature and thermodynamics > Flashcards

Ex 3 Lecture: vasculature and thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood to the tissues?

A

Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

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2
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood back toward the heart?

A

Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena Cava

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3
Q

Do arteries or veins have a thicker wall?

A

arteries

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4
Q

Which blood vessel has a smaller lumen?

A

arteries

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5
Q

Do both arteries and veins contain a smooth muscle layer?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do capillaries have a smooth muscle layer?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
Tunic media
Tunic externa

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8
Q

What are the components of tunic intima?

A

endothelium

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9
Q

What are the components of tunic media?

A

smooth muscle, controlled by sympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

What are the components of tunic externa?

A

mostly fibrous connective tissue

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11
Q

What are the two types of capillaries?

A

True capillaries
Vascular shunt

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12
Q

Define true capillaries?

A

directly connects an arteriole to a venule

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13
Q

What are the three types of structures for capillaries?

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoidal capillaries

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14
Q

Which structure of capillaries has the tightest junction?

A

continuous

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15
Q

Which capillary is the most common?

A

continuous

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16
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

skin, muscle, lung, CNS

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17
Q

Which vessel has a high pressure conduit?

A

arteries

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18
Q

Which vessel are the gatekeepers to capillaries?

A

arterioles

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19
Q

Where does the biggest gradient in pressure occur?

A

the capillaries

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20
Q

Where are the areas of highest pressure in the cardiovascular system?

A

left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles

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21
Q

How is Ohm’s law applied to the cardiovascular system?

A

pressure differentials along the vessels allow blood flow

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22
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

Q=(change in pressure)/(resistance)

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23
Q

What is blood flow directly proportional to?

A

the pressure difference between two points of the blood vessel

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24
Q

What is blood flow inversely proportional to?

A

vascular resistance

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25
Q

Blood flow is equal to what?

A

volume/time
cardiac output (CO)

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26
Q

What is cardiac output equal to?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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27
Q

What is the blood volume distribution on the pulmonary side?

A

25%

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28
Q

What is the blood volume distribution on the systemic side?

A

75%

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29
Q

What is the equation for Flow?

A

area (cm squared) x velocity (cm/min)

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30
Q

What is velocity equal to?

A

flow/area

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31
Q

If flow remains constant, the velocity of blood flow across circulation is inversely related to what?

A

total cross-sectional area

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32
Q

What are the two types of blood flow?

A

laminar and turbulent

33
Q

What are the properties of laminar blood flow?-

A

-velocity is constant over time
higher velocity in the center
little flow near wall
increased shear near wall
fewer cells toward the wall
Parabolic flow profile

34
Q

What are the properties of turbulent blood flow?

A

disorganized
velocity varies
“eddy” currents (whorls)
increase friction of blood flow
increase resistance to flow
turbulence occurs with increased flow velocity, obstruction, vessel turn

35
Q

When the critical number exceeds ____ you will see turbulence

A

2000

36
Q

What do you hear with the first heart sound (s1)?

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves

37
Q

What do you hear with the second heart sound (s2)

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

38
Q

What would you (if you could) hear with the third heart sound? (s3)

A

turbulence associate with rapid ventricular filling

39
Q

What would you hear (if able) with the fourth heart sound?

A

movement of blood associate with atrial systole

40
Q

Which cardiac valves can you hear on the left side of the thorax and where?

A

pulmonic, aortic, mitral
behind the shoulder and dorsal to the point of the elbow (olecranon)

41
Q

Turbulent blood flow can cause what?

A

murmers

42
Q

Turbulent blood flow can occur from what?

A

anemia

43
Q

What happens to the blood during anemia?

A

blood viscosity drops due to low PCV and hypoproteinemia

44
Q

What 3 factors includence resistance?

A

viscosity of fluid
length of vessel/tube
radius of tube

45
Q

What is the equation of Poiseuille’s law?

A

R=8nI/(pi)r^4

46
Q

What is Poiseuille’s law calculating?

A

hemodynamic principles of flow resistance

47
Q

What is resistance directly related to?

A

viscosity

48
Q

What is resistance inversely related to?

A

to the fourth power of the tube

49
Q

What has the greatest effect of blood flow and pressure?

A

width of the vessel

50
Q

Which blood vessel has the greatest compliance?

A

veins

51
Q

Which blood vessel provides the most resistance to flow?

A

arterioles

52
Q

What is the equation for vascular compliance?

A

change in volume/ change in pressure

53
Q

What does vascular compliance mean?

A

increase in volume/increase in pressure (NOT STIFF)

54
Q

Why do arterioles present the greatest resistance to flow?

A

diameter

55
Q

What does the presence of smooth muscle do?

A

regulate the flow of blood and cause the biggest change in arterial pressure due to changes in resistance

56
Q

Describe the characteristics of the venous “pump”?

A

1 way valves
action of surrounding tissues

57
Q

What are the blood storage areas?

A

veins expand at low pressure
spleen

58
Q

As wall thickness increases

A

lumen decreases, vessel less compliant, resistance to blood flow increases

59
Q

What are three characteristics of arterioles?

A

strong muscular walls
greatest increase in vascular resistance
acts as control valves for flow to tissue

60
Q

When can you hear audible vibrations (murmurs)?

A

over 2000

61
Q

What factors promote turbulence

A

High flow velocity
large vessel diameter
decrease in viscosity
sudden change in vessel diameter
pulsatile flow

62
Q

Which are the most common factors that promote turbulence?

A

high flow velocity
decrease in viscosity

63
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

a measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur

64
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

(fluid density/fluid viscosity) * (average velocity of fluid) * (tube diameter)

65
Q

Describe the diffusion at capillary beds?

A

exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide gases, nutrients, and waste products occur due to pressure difference

66
Q

Which capillary structure is the leakiest?

A

sinusoidal capillaries

67
Q

What are examples continuous capillaries?

A

skin, muscle, lung, CNS

68
Q

What are examples of fenestrated capillaries?

A

exocrine glands, renal glomeruli, intestinal mucosa

69
Q

What are examples of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

70
Q

How does the venous blood return to heart?

A

milking action of skeletal muscles

71
Q

How is arterial blood exported throughout the body?

A

Arterial blood is pumped by the heart

72
Q

What is the smallest type of blood vessel?

A

capillaries

73
Q

What do capillaries connect?

A

arterioles to venules

74
Q

Which vessel is only one cell layer thick?

A

Capillary

75
Q

Do capillaries have a smooth muscle layer?

A

No

76
Q

Define vascular shunt?

A

bypass connection of an arteriole to a venule

77
Q

What vessel expands easily at low pressure, have thin walls, and are 1 way valves?

A

veins

78
Q

What is vascular stiffness? (equation)

A

1/compliance

Physiology Vet 602 (9 decks)

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