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Physiology Vet 602 > Ex 3 Hormone control of the heart > Flashcards

Ex 3 Hormone control of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What does RAS stand for?

A

Renin-Angiotensin System

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2
Q

What is RAS?

A

The result of renin cleaving angiotensinogen (large liver protein) to form Angiotensin I, then Angiotensin II

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3
Q

Where does angiotensinogen reside?

A

freely in the blood

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4
Q

Which is the most active peptide in the Renin-Angiotensin system cascade?

A

Angiotensin II

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5
Q

How is angiotensin form?

A

angiotensinogen is cleaved by Renin (from the kidney) to form angiotensin I

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6
Q

How is angiotensin II formed?

A

angiotensinogen I is cleaved by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lung to form angiotensin II

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7
Q

How is the Renin-Angiotensin System regulated?

A

the rate limiting step is the release of renin

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8
Q

Where is ACE found (angiotensin converting enzyme) in the body?

A

in the endothelial cells

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9
Q

How are most effects of AngII are mediated through what?

A

AT1 receptor

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10
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II on vasculature?

A

acute peripheral vasoconstriction

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11
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II on the kidney?

A

decrease sodium and water excretion

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12
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II on the stimulation of vasopressin (ADH) release?

A

increase thirst (dipsogenic), water retention by kidney

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13
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II on aldosterone production?

A

increase sodium and water retention by kidney

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14
Q

What are the chronic effects of angiotensin II?

A

growth factor which leads to vascular and cardiac hypertrophy

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15
Q

Angiotensin II also activates central nervous system which contributues to what?

A

mediate sympathetic outflow

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16
Q

Where is renin released?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

17
Q

This is a specialized structure formed by what?

A

distal convoluted tubule and glomerular afferent arteriole

18
Q

What is the main function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

regulate blood pressure and filtration rate

19
Q

What are the three types of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

macula densa
mesangial cells
granular cells

20
Q

Which kidney cells contain granules of renin, and when contracted, release renin?

A

granular (juxtaglomerular cells)

21
Q

What is the function of the macula densa?

A

sense salt concentration in the filtrate and repsond

22
Q

What is the function of mesangial cells?

A

specialized cells in kidney that have contracting and phagocytic function

23
Q

What trigger renin release from JG cells?

A
  1. increases sympathetic nerve activity (B1 receptor)
  2. decreased Ang-II at AT1 receptor
  3. Decreased NaCl to macula densa
  4. Decreased afferent arteriolar pressure
24
Q

What are the short term effects of Angiotensin II, within minutes?

A

vasoconstriction thirst

25
Q

What are the short term effects of Angiotensin II, within hourse?

A

retention of salt and water

26
Q

What are the short term effects of Angiotensin II, within days?

A

sympathetic stimulation

27
Q

What are the long term effects of angiotensin II, within months?

A

vascular and cardiac hypertrophy

28
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy results in what?

A

increase systolic pressure, increase volume load

29
Q

What is the Law of Laplace?

A

T=PR, R is radius

30
Q

What does the Law of Laplace mean?

A

the larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure

31
Q

What is increased wall tension is related to?

A

increased pressure,
increased radius
decreased wall thickness

32
Q

What is the significance of cardiac hypertrophy?

A

increased pressure results in increased wall tension and a response in smooth muscle hypertrophy in arteries and arterioles

Physiology Vet 602 (9 decks)

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