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LT Test > Evolving Fireground > Flashcards

Evolving Fireground Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the authors of this book

A

Sean Gray
P.J. Norwood

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2
Q

NIST conducts research on the dynamics of what?

A

Flame ignition, flame spread, and flame extinguishment

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3
Q

Between 1977 and 2009 what increased from 1.8 to 3 deaths per 100,000 fires

A

FF deaths due to traumatic injuries

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4
Q

This is best accepted in a supportive environment when leadership is leading by example

A

Change

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5
Q

This is the study of how fire starts, spreads, and develops

A

Fire dynamics

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6
Q

This is the way fire reacts and behaves to its environments

A

Fire behavior

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7
Q

This is the mechanism of heat movement

A

Heat transfer

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8
Q

Heat is always transferred from

A

Hotter to colder object

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9
Q

What are the different types of heat transfer

A

Conduction, convection, and radiation

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10
Q

This is heat transferred to the fire’s immediate surrounding area

A

Conduction

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11
Q

This is heat transferred by means of moving gases or liquids

A

Convection

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12
Q

This is heat transferred by electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

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13
Q

When is the pressure at its highest point

A

Fuel/air mixture is allowed to go above LEL and gets close to ideal mixture

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14
Q

This is related to fuel limited fires

A

Legacy fire development

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15
Q

This commonly relates to ventilation limited fires

A

Modern fire development

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16
Q

A dangerous transition between the growth stage and fully developed stage

A

Flashover

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17
Q

A deflagration resulting from sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen deficient products of incomplete combustion

A

Backdraft

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18
Q

Where do backdrafts most commonly occur

A

Attic spaces, knee walls, or any other void space

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19
Q

The space through which fire, heat, and smoke progress, moving for high to low pressure

A

Flow path

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20
Q

What can lead to a rapid transition to flashover

A

Opening doors, clearing windows, cutting roof

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21
Q

What are the essential components to understanding fire behavior

A

Smoke volume, velocity, density, and color

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22
Q

The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure btwn normal and ambient pressure

A

Blast pressure front

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23
Q

Buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment

A

Ceiling layer

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24
Q

What is the primary cause of accelerated HRR

A

Modern interior furnishings

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25
Q

If the fire has not already vented itself and an opening is created, about how long do you have to get water on the fire

A

100 seconds on average before flashover occurs

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26
Q

When is a structure no longer ventilation limited

A

Once water is applied to fire

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27
Q

What can help guide interior FF back to the entry point

A

Placing flashlight on the floor next to entry

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28
Q

Dr. Michael Reick invented what

A

Tempest Pathmaster Curtain

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29
Q

What is the ultimate goal of ventilation

A

Control the building

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30
Q

What stage should a fire be kept in for as long as possible

A

Ventilation limited stage

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31
Q

What is one piece of information that every dispatch center should have readily available

A

Water supply data

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32
Q

A rapid attack using tank water and a pre-piped deck gun or monitor

A

Blitz attack

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the half moon in regards to nozzle movement

A

To not disrupt the neutral plane or thermal balance and coat upper surfaces

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34
Q

What is the ideal water droplet size

A

0.33 mm

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35
Q

Why is a straight stream better

A

Better for energy consumption, air movement, reach, and penetration

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36
Q

How much water do you want to flow into a window

A

Enough to reset the flashover and cool the environment

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37
Q

What is one of the safest and most efficient ways to search

A

Oriented search technique

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38
Q

What should be the first option for the search team

A

Control fire room door, then search adjacent rooms closest to fire

39
Q

What needs to be thought of as the most dangerous place for firefighters and why

A

Hallway
Directly in flow path between fire and entry door

40
Q

About how long does it take to search a 12x12 room

A

15 seconds

41
Q

What should be done before entering a window

A

Sweep the floor then sound

42
Q

For VES, when searching a room how do you know if you should start to the right or the left

A

Go away from the outside corner, will find door quicker

43
Q

What should you do before chocking a door

A

Search behind it

44
Q

What increases the energy of the fire

A

Vent openings

45
Q

What is the difference between strategy and tactics

A

Strategy is your overall goal
Tactics are how you achieve those tasks/goals

46
Q

What are the different types of ventilation

A

Horizontal
Vertical
Positive pressure

47
Q

What are the 3 key strategies for fires

A

Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation

48
Q

Size up begins with

A

Preplanning

49
Q

Size-up comes down to knowing and evaluating what about the fire

A

Location
Intensity
Extension
Type
Size

50
Q

What are the four fire behavior indicators

A

Smoke
Air track
Heat
Flame

51
Q

What are the 2 critical indicators of fire behavior

A

Smoke
Pattern or smoke and air movement

52
Q

This is the flow of air toward the base of the fire

A

Air track

53
Q

Heated gases flow out the top of an opening and cool air will flow through the bottom. What is this called

A

Bidirectional flow

54
Q

A slow and laminar air/smoke interface could indicate that the fire is in what

A

Early stages, most likely fuel controlled

55
Q

If the air track is fast and turbulent, this could indicate what

A

Working fire, in ventilation controlled phase

56
Q

What is a classic indicator of backdraft

A

Whistling sounds

57
Q

What are some visual signs of heat

A

Blackening of windows
Cracking/crazing of glass
Blistering/discolor of paintwork
Sudden heat buildup

58
Q

What makes up the fire coordination triangle

A

Fire attack
Search
Ventilation

59
Q

What does RECEO VS stand for

A

Rescue
Exposures
Confinement
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation
Salvage

60
Q

The first set of letters in RECEO VS are intended to be

A

Sequential

61
Q

What does SLICERS stand for

A

Size up
Locate the fire
Identify/control flow path
Cool
Extinguish fire
Rescue
Salvage

62
Q

Size up also include FPODP, which means

A

Facts
Probabilities
Own Situation
Decision
Plan of operations

63
Q

When is a defensive operation established during a fire

A

Fire extended beyond control
Fire exceeds available gpm
Structure has deteriorated (not safe for entry)

64
Q

NIMS span of control indicates 1 supervisor can supervise how many

A

3 to 7, function optimally with 5

65
Q

This is the time it takes from receipt of the alarm until first hose team discharges water on the fire

A

Reflex time

66
Q

What is the bottle rule

A

Average FF will work for approx. 20 min before needing a new bottle

67
Q

When controlling electrical circuits what can be done to help investigators with their investigation

A

Shut down main breaker only

68
Q

What is common with today’s fire environment

A

Having a decay period prior to flashover

69
Q

From the time of ventilation to time of untenability conditions for FF’s is about

A

100 sec for single story house
200 sec for two story house

70
Q

What does ISBU stand for

A

Intermodal Steel Building units

71
Q

What type of stream should be used for solar panel fires

A

Broken stream

72
Q

What are the 3 separate layers of turnout gear

A

Thermal liner
Moisture barrier
Outer shell

73
Q

What is the most important component of turnout gear

A

Thermal liner

74
Q

This traps air in and between layers of nonwoven material

A

Thermal liner

75
Q

This provides resistance to water, chemicals, and viral agents

A

Moisture barrier

76
Q

This is the first line of defense for turnout gear. How much thermal protection does it provide

A

Outer shell
25-30%

77
Q

What standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for PPE and the test methods which PPE will be measured

A

NFPA 1971

78
Q

This test evaluates flame resistance of PPE

A

Vertical flame

79
Q

What rating is associated with a garment’s thermal performance

A

TPP (thermal protective performance)

80
Q

Turnout TPP levels range from

A

Minimum 35
Max 50

81
Q

This increases the loft or airspaces in fabrics, which creates what

A

Laundering of garments
Higher TPP value

82
Q

Firefighting turnouts must have a minimum TPP rating according to what

A

35 TPP
NFPA 1971

83
Q

This is used to quantify the level of heat and time duration for second degree burn

A

Stoll curve

84
Q

This test evaluates the areas of the PPE garment that commonly become compressed

A

CCHR Test (compressive conductive heat resistance)

85
Q

According to NFPA 1851, all protective gear more than ____ must be retired and replaced

A

10 years old

86
Q

Maintenance and repair of turnout gear is governed by

A

NFPA 1851

87
Q

What is the required overlap between jacket and pants

A

2 inches

88
Q

What is the weakest link of the SCBA ensemble

A

Facepiece

89
Q

What are the 3 critical reasons the radio pocket is unsafe

A

Radio signal loss
Radio ejection
Melting of speaker mic

90
Q

Facepieces are required to maintain positive pressure when exposed to what during this test

A

500 degrees for 5 min
Followed by 10 sec direct flame

91
Q

German FF’s place a higher priority on what

A

Anti ventilation

92
Q

What is anti ventilation

A

Tactic used to seal off fire compartment from the rest of building

93
Q

When it comes to victim survivability what factors play a critical role

A

Steam
Air entrainment
Ventilation

94
Q

What are the leading causes of fire deaths

A

Smoke inhalation
Thermal burns

LT Test (5 decks)

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