Evolving Fireground Flashcards
Who are the authors of this book
Sean Gray
P.J. Norwood
NIST conducts research on the dynamics of what?
Flame ignition, flame spread, and flame extinguishment
Between 1977 and 2009 what increased from 1.8 to 3 deaths per 100,000 fires
FF deaths due to traumatic injuries
This is best accepted in a supportive environment when leadership is leading by example
Change
This is the study of how fire starts, spreads, and develops
Fire dynamics
This is the way fire reacts and behaves to its environments
Fire behavior
This is the mechanism of heat movement
Heat transfer
Heat is always transferred from
Hotter to colder object
What are the different types of heat transfer
Conduction, convection, and radiation
This is heat transferred to the fire’s immediate surrounding area
Conduction
This is heat transferred by means of moving gases or liquids
Convection
This is heat transferred by electromagnetic waves
Radiation
When is the pressure at its highest point
Fuel/air mixture is allowed to go above LEL and gets close to ideal mixture
This is related to fuel limited fires
Legacy fire development
This commonly relates to ventilation limited fires
Modern fire development
A dangerous transition between the growth stage and fully developed stage
Flashover
A deflagration resulting from sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen deficient products of incomplete combustion
Backdraft
Where do backdrafts most commonly occur
Attic spaces, knee walls, or any other void space
The space through which fire, heat, and smoke progress, moving for high to low pressure
Flow path
What can lead to a rapid transition to flashover
Opening doors, clearing windows, cutting roof
What are the essential components to understanding fire behavior
Smoke volume, velocity, density, and color
The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure btwn normal and ambient pressure
Blast pressure front
Buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment
Ceiling layer
What is the primary cause of accelerated HRR
Modern interior furnishings
If the fire has not already vented itself and an opening is created, about how long do you have to get water on the fire
100 seconds on average before flashover occurs
When is a structure no longer ventilation limited
Once water is applied to fire
What can help guide interior FF back to the entry point
Placing flashlight on the floor next to entry
Dr. Michael Reick invented what
Tempest Pathmaster Curtain
What is the ultimate goal of ventilation
Control the building
What stage should a fire be kept in for as long as possible
Ventilation limited stage
What is one piece of information that every dispatch center should have readily available
Water supply data
A rapid attack using tank water and a pre-piped deck gun or monitor
Blitz attack
What is the purpose of the half moon in regards to nozzle movement
To not disrupt the neutral plane or thermal balance and coat upper surfaces
What is the ideal water droplet size
0.33 mm
Why is a straight stream better
Better for energy consumption, air movement, reach, and penetration
How much water do you want to flow into a window
Enough to reset the flashover and cool the environment
What is one of the safest and most efficient ways to search
Oriented search technique
What should be the first option for the search team
Control fire room door, then search adjacent rooms closest to fire
What needs to be thought of as the most dangerous place for firefighters and why
Hallway
Directly in flow path between fire and entry door
About how long does it take to search a 12x12 room
15 seconds
What should be done before entering a window
Sweep the floor then sound
For VES, when searching a room how do you know if you should start to the right or the left
Go away from the outside corner, will find door quicker
What should you do before chocking a door
Search behind it
What increases the energy of the fire
Vent openings
What is the difference between strategy and tactics
Strategy is your overall goal
Tactics are how you achieve those tasks/goals
What are the different types of ventilation
Horizontal
Vertical
Positive pressure
What are the 3 key strategies for fires
Life safety
Incident stabilization
Property conservation
Size up begins with
Preplanning
Size-up comes down to knowing and evaluating what about the fire
Location
Intensity
Extension
Type
Size
What are the four fire behavior indicators
Smoke
Air track
Heat
Flame
What are the 2 critical indicators of fire behavior
Smoke
Pattern or smoke and air movement
This is the flow of air toward the base of the fire
Air track
Heated gases flow out the top of an opening and cool air will flow through the bottom. What is this called
Bidirectional flow
A slow and laminar air/smoke interface could indicate that the fire is in what
Early stages, most likely fuel controlled
If the air track is fast and turbulent, this could indicate what
Working fire, in ventilation controlled phase
What is a classic indicator of backdraft
Whistling sounds
What are some visual signs of heat
Blackening of windows
Cracking/crazing of glass
Blistering/discolor of paintwork
Sudden heat buildup
What makes up the fire coordination triangle
Fire attack
Search
Ventilation
What does RECEO VS stand for
Rescue
Exposures
Confinement
Extinguishment
Overhaul
Ventilation
Salvage
The first set of letters in RECEO VS are intended to be
Sequential
What does SLICERS stand for
Size up
Locate the fire
Identify/control flow path
Cool
Extinguish fire
Rescue
Salvage
Size up also include FPODP, which means
Facts
Probabilities
Own Situation
Decision
Plan of operations
When is a defensive operation established during a fire
Fire extended beyond control
Fire exceeds available gpm
Structure has deteriorated (not safe for entry)
NIMS span of control indicates 1 supervisor can supervise how many
3 to 7, function optimally with 5
This is the time it takes from receipt of the alarm until first hose team discharges water on the fire
Reflex time
What is the bottle rule
Average FF will work for approx. 20 min before needing a new bottle
When controlling electrical circuits what can be done to help investigators with their investigation
Shut down main breaker only
What is common with today’s fire environment
Having a decay period prior to flashover
From the time of ventilation to time of untenability conditions for FF’s is about
100 sec for single story house
200 sec for two story house
What does ISBU stand for
Intermodal Steel Building units
What type of stream should be used for solar panel fires
Broken stream
What are the 3 separate layers of turnout gear
Thermal liner
Moisture barrier
Outer shell
What is the most important component of turnout gear
Thermal liner
This traps air in and between layers of nonwoven material
Thermal liner
This provides resistance to water, chemicals, and viral agents
Moisture barrier
This is the first line of defense for turnout gear. How much thermal protection does it provide
Outer shell
25-30%
What standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for PPE and the test methods which PPE will be measured
NFPA 1971
This test evaluates flame resistance of PPE
Vertical flame
What rating is associated with a garment’s thermal performance
TPP (thermal protective performance)
Turnout TPP levels range from
Minimum 35
Max 50
This increases the loft or airspaces in fabrics, which creates what
Laundering of garments
Higher TPP value
Firefighting turnouts must have a minimum TPP rating according to what
35 TPP
NFPA 1971
This is used to quantify the level of heat and time duration for second degree burn
Stoll curve
This test evaluates the areas of the PPE garment that commonly become compressed
CCHR Test (compressive conductive heat resistance)
According to NFPA 1851, all protective gear more than ____ must be retired and replaced
10 years old
Maintenance and repair of turnout gear is governed by
NFPA 1851
What is the required overlap between jacket and pants
2 inches
What is the weakest link of the SCBA ensemble
Facepiece
What are the 3 critical reasons the radio pocket is unsafe
Radio signal loss
Radio ejection
Melting of speaker mic
Facepieces are required to maintain positive pressure when exposed to what during this test
500 degrees for 5 min
Followed by 10 sec direct flame
German FF’s place a higher priority on what
Anti ventilation
What is anti ventilation
Tactic used to seal off fire compartment from the rest of building
When it comes to victim survivability what factors play a critical role
Steam
Air entrainment
Ventilation
What are the leading causes of fire deaths
Smoke inhalation
Thermal burns
