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LT Test > Evolving Fireground > Flashcards

Evolving Fireground Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Who are the authors of this book

A

Sean Gray
P.J. Norwood

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2
Q

NIST conducts research on the dynamics of what?

A

Flame ignition, flame spread, and flame extinguishment

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3
Q

Between 1977 and 2009 what increased from 1.8 to 3 deaths per 100,000 fires

A

FF deaths due to traumatic injuries

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4
Q

This is best accepted in a supportive environment when leadership is leading by example

A

Change

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5
Q

This is the study of how fire starts, spreads, and develops

A

Fire dynamics

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6
Q

This is the way fire reacts and behaves to its environments

A

Fire behavior

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7
Q

This is the mechanism of heat movement

A

Heat transfer

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8
Q

Heat is always transferred from

A

Hotter to colder object

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9
Q

What are the different types of heat transfer

A

Conduction, convection, and radiation

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10
Q

This is heat transferred to the fire’s immediate surrounding area

A

Conduction

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11
Q

This is heat transferred by means of moving gases or liquids

A

Convection

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12
Q

This is heat transferred by electromagnetic waves

A

Radiation

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13
Q

When is the pressure at its highest point

A

Fuel/air mixture is allowed to go above LEL and gets close to ideal mixture

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14
Q

This is related to fuel limited fires

A

Legacy fire development

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15
Q

This commonly relates to ventilation limited fires

A

Modern fire development

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16
Q

A dangerous transition between the growth stage and fully developed stage

A

Flashover

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17
Q

A deflagration resulting from sudden introduction of air into a confined space containing oxygen deficient products of incomplete combustion

A

Backdraft

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18
Q

Where do backdrafts most commonly occur

A

Attic spaces, knee walls, or any other void space

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19
Q

The space through which fire, heat, and smoke progress, moving for high to low pressure

A

Flow path

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20
Q

What can lead to a rapid transition to flashover

A

Opening doors, clearing windows, cutting roof

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21
Q

What are the essential components to understanding fire behavior

A

Smoke volume, velocity, density, and color

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22
Q

The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure btwn normal and ambient pressure

A

Blast pressure front

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23
Q

Buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment

A

Ceiling layer

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24
Q

What is the primary cause of accelerated HRR

A

Modern interior furnishings

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25
If the fire has not already vented itself and an opening is created, about how long do you have to get water on the fire
100 seconds on average before flashover occurs
26
When is a structure no longer ventilation limited
Once water is applied to fire
27
What can help guide interior FF back to the entry point
Placing flashlight on the floor next to entry
28
Dr. Michael Reick invented what
Tempest Pathmaster Curtain
29
What is the ultimate goal of ventilation
Control the building
30
What stage should a fire be kept in for as long as possible
Ventilation limited stage
31
What is one piece of information that every dispatch center should have readily available
Water supply data
32
A rapid attack using tank water and a pre-piped deck gun or monitor
Blitz attack
33
What is the purpose of the half moon in regards to nozzle movement
To not disrupt the neutral plane or thermal balance and coat upper surfaces
34
What is the ideal water droplet size
0.33 mm
35
Why is a straight stream better
Better for energy consumption, air movement, reach, and penetration
36
How much water do you want to flow into a window
Enough to reset the flashover and cool the environment
37
What is one of the safest and most efficient ways to search
Oriented search technique
38
What should be the first option for the search team
Control fire room door, then search adjacent rooms closest to fire
39
What needs to be thought of as the most dangerous place for firefighters and why
Hallway Directly in flow path between fire and entry door
40
About how long does it take to search a 12x12 room
15 seconds
41
What should be done before entering a window
Sweep the floor then sound
42
For VES, when searching a room how do you know if you should start to the right or the left
Go away from the outside corner, will find door quicker
43
What should you do before chocking a door
Search behind it
44
What increases the energy of the fire
Vent openings
45
What is the difference between strategy and tactics
Strategy is your overall goal Tactics are how you achieve those tasks/goals
46
What are the different types of ventilation
Horizontal Vertical Positive pressure
47
What are the 3 key strategies for fires
Life safety Incident stabilization Property conservation
48
Size up begins with
Preplanning
49
Size-up comes down to knowing and evaluating what about the fire
Location Intensity Extension Type Size
50
What are the four fire behavior indicators
Smoke Air track Heat Flame
51
What are the 2 critical indicators of fire behavior
Smoke Pattern or smoke and air movement
52
This is the flow of air toward the base of the fire
Air track
53
Heated gases flow out the top of an opening and cool air will flow through the bottom. What is this called
Bidirectional flow
54
A slow and laminar air/smoke interface could indicate that the fire is in what
Early stages, most likely fuel controlled
55
If the air track is fast and turbulent, this could indicate what
Working fire, in ventilation controlled phase
56
What is a classic indicator of backdraft
Whistling sounds
57
What are some visual signs of heat
Blackening of windows Cracking/crazing of glass Blistering/discolor of paintwork Sudden heat buildup
58
What makes up the fire coordination triangle
Fire attack Search Ventilation
59
What does RECEO VS stand for
Rescue Exposures Confinement Extinguishment Overhaul Ventilation Salvage
60
The first set of letters in RECEO VS are intended to be
Sequential
61
What does SLICERS stand for
Size up Locate the fire Identify/control flow path Cool Extinguish fire Rescue Salvage
62
Size up also include FPODP, which means
Facts Probabilities Own Situation Decision Plan of operations
63
When is a defensive operation established during a fire
Fire extended beyond control Fire exceeds available gpm Structure has deteriorated (not safe for entry)
64
NIMS span of control indicates 1 supervisor can supervise how many
3 to 7, function optimally with 5
65
This is the time it takes from receipt of the alarm until first hose team discharges water on the fire
Reflex time
66
What is the bottle rule
Average FF will work for approx. 20 min before needing a new bottle
67
When controlling electrical circuits what can be done to help investigators with their investigation
Shut down main breaker only
68
What is common with today's fire environment
Having a decay period prior to flashover
69
From the time of ventilation to time of untenability conditions for FF's is about
100 sec for single story house 200 sec for two story house
70
What does ISBU stand for
Intermodal Steel Building units
71
What type of stream should be used for solar panel fires
Broken stream
72
What are the 3 separate layers of turnout gear
Thermal liner Moisture barrier Outer shell
73
What is the most important component of turnout gear
Thermal liner
74
This traps air in and between layers of nonwoven material
Thermal liner
75
This provides resistance to water, chemicals, and viral agents
Moisture barrier
76
This is the first line of defense for turnout gear. How much thermal protection does it provide
Outer shell 25-30%
77
What standard establishes the minimum performance requirements for PPE and the test methods which PPE will be measured
NFPA 1971
78
This test evaluates flame resistance of PPE
Vertical flame
79
What rating is associated with a garment's thermal performance
TPP (thermal protective performance)
80
Turnout TPP levels range from
Minimum 35 Max 50
81
This increases the loft or airspaces in fabrics, which creates what
Laundering of garments Higher TPP value
82
Firefighting turnouts must have a minimum TPP rating according to what
35 TPP NFPA 1971
83
This is used to quantify the level of heat and time duration for second degree burn
Stoll curve
84
This test evaluates the areas of the PPE garment that commonly become compressed
CCHR Test (compressive conductive heat resistance)
85
According to NFPA 1851, all protective gear more than ____ must be retired and replaced
10 years old
86
Maintenance and repair of turnout gear is governed by
NFPA 1851
87
What is the required overlap between jacket and pants
2 inches
88
What is the weakest link of the SCBA ensemble
Facepiece
89
What are the 3 critical reasons the radio pocket is unsafe
Radio signal loss Radio ejection Melting of speaker mic
90
Facepieces are required to maintain positive pressure when exposed to what during this test
500 degrees for 5 min Followed by 10 sec direct flame
91
German FF's place a higher priority on what
Anti ventilation
92
What is anti ventilation
Tactic used to seal off fire compartment from the rest of building
93
When it comes to victim survivability what factors play a critical role
Steam Air entrainment Ventilation
94
What are the leading causes of fire deaths
Smoke inhalation Thermal burns

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