evolutionary models

Question 1

inclusive fitness

Answer 1

kin sharing and collaboration to ensure future generational success

Question 2

behavioural ecology

Answer 2

studies adaptive adaptive advantages of behaviour under different ecological conditions

Question 3

sociobiology

Answer 3

biological study of social behaviour

Question 4

behavioural adaptations

Answer 4

depend on environmental conditions and genetic determinism (genotype and phenotype)

Question 5

what is primate behaviour determined by?

Answer 5

• phenotype
• genotype
• physical and social environments

Question 6

types of ‘strategies’ primates do

Answer 6

feeding
social strategies
reproductive strategies
life history strategies

Question 7

life history types

Answer 7

gestation length
interbirth intrevals
lifespan
firth reproduction age

Question 8

sexual dimorphism?

Answer 8

different gender qualities (for one sex to dominant)

• body size
• caninen size
• strength
• colour/smells/ornaments

Question 9

sexual monomorphism?

Answer 9

similar/equal gender qualities (egalistiaran socities)

Question 10

primates with egalitarian societies

Answer 10

prosimians
new world monkeys
old world monkeys
gibbons 
lemurs

Question 11

female sexual dimorphism

Answer 11

in some lemurs
siafaka
calltirichids

Question 12

what are males usually like?

Answer 12

• tend to be flashy
• often have sexual dimorphism
• take longer to mature
• more aggresive
• higher mortality rates
• MORE SEX cells
• respond to compeittion by ritualized displays`

Question 13

what are females usually like

Answer 13

sleek and elegant
smaller (mostly)
limited reproductive potential (less sex cells)

Question 14

why are males normally larger

Answer 14

to have advantage over females (dominance + attractivity)

for competitio nwith other males

Question 15

what are secondary sexual characterisitcs

Answer 15

traits with no purposes in surivival or mechanical reproductive process driven by sexual compeitiotn

Question 16

what is sexual selection

Answer 16

traits that affect differential reproductions among individuals of the same sex.

Question 17

what does sexual selection include

Answer 17

1. female choice

2. male-male compeetition to access that choice

Question 18

lactational amennohrea

Answer 18

hormonal feedback mechanism that inhibits ovultation

Question 19

why do females have more energetic costs?

Answer 19

1. pregnancy
2. lactational ammehorea
3. child caring

Question 20

why do males have more male-male competition

Answer 20

1. ovulatin females= are limited resources for male reproduction= increases male-male competition

Question 21

why are females picky

Answer 21

reproducitve mistakes= more costly for females than male= hence for time invested/cant afford mistakes

Question 22

why are male olive baboons more likely to encounter an estrous female than mountain gorillas despite having the same sex ratio (2;1)?

Answer 22

because olive baboons have shorter inter-birth intrevals (2 years) as opposed to gorillas (3-6 years)

Question 23

what factors affect how males mate with females

Answer 23

1. seasonality

2 synchroncy

Question 24

operational sex ratio?

Answer 24

of ovulating females + # of breeding females/males in a group

Question 25

advatages of an operational sex ratio?

Answer 25

takes into account non-operational breeding females influenced by

1. birth intrevals
2. duration of estrous cycle
3. number of cycles to conception
4. number of days WHEN females are ovultation that males can fertilize

Question 26

what do operational sex ratios explain

Answer 26

1. variance
2. sexual dimorphism
3. group competition

Question 27

what affects male competition?

Answer 27

female choice + estrous distribution (spatio-temporal)

Question 28

constraints on sexual selection

Answer 28

1. phylogenetic (population variation and female choice)

2. ecological (distribution of resources)

Question 29

diet of females

Answer 29

small amounts of high energy foods

Question 30

diet of malese

Answer 30

high amounts of low energy foods

Question 31

socioecological model

Answer 31

females—> food/resources vs risks (prdators, disease, etc)

males—> females

hence: environmental factors affect group structures ecologically

Question 32

EMSOMS

Answer 32

ecological model of social organization and mating systems

Question 33

what affects female distribution

Answer 33

1. resources (food, rest, resources)

2. rsisks (disease, infanticide, predators)

Question 34

male strategies with disperesed females depend on…

Answer 34

• defensability of female

- infant care

Question 35

male strategies with grouped females depend on..

Answer 35

• monopolization of female clusters:
  1. number of females
  2. spatial/temporal overlap of receptive period

Question 36

Wranghams model (EMFSR)

Answer 36

female social relations depend on

1. food avaiability
2. predation risk
3. infanticide avoidance
4. social benefits