evolutionary models Flashcards
inclusive fitness
kin sharing and collaboration to ensure future generational success
behavioural ecology
studies adaptive adaptive advantages of behaviour under different ecological conditions
sociobiology
biological study of social behaviour
behavioural adaptations
depend on environmental conditions and genetic determinism (genotype and phenotype)
what is primate behaviour determined by?
- phenotype
- genotype
- physical and social environments
types of ‘strategies’ primates do
feeding
social strategies
reproductive strategies
life history strategies
life history types
gestation length
interbirth intrevals
lifespan
firth reproduction age
sexual dimorphism?
different gender qualities (for one sex to dominant)
- body size
- caninen size
- strength
- colour/smells/ornaments
sexual monomorphism?
similar/equal gender qualities (egalistiaran socities)
primates with egalitarian societies
prosimians new world monkeys old world monkeys gibbons lemurs
female sexual dimorphism
in some lemurs
siafaka
calltirichids
what are males usually like?
- tend to be flashy
- often have sexual dimorphism
- take longer to mature
- more aggresive
- higher mortality rates
- MORE SEX cells
- respond to compeittion by ritualized displays`
what are females usually like
sleek and elegant
smaller (mostly)
limited reproductive potential (less sex cells)
why are males normally larger
to have advantage over females (dominance + attractivity)
for competitio nwith other males
what are secondary sexual characterisitcs
traits with no purposes in surivival or mechanical reproductive process driven by sexual compeitiotn
what is sexual selection
traits that affect differential reproductions among individuals of the same sex.
what does sexual selection include
- female choice
2. male-male compeetition to access that choice
lactational amennohrea
hormonal feedback mechanism that inhibits ovultation
why do females have more energetic costs?
- pregnancy
- lactational ammehorea
- child caring
why do males have more male-male competition
- ovulatin females= are limited resources for male reproduction= increases male-male competition
why are females picky
reproducitve mistakes= more costly for females than male= hence for time invested/cant afford mistakes
why are male olive baboons more likely to encounter an estrous female than mountain gorillas despite having the same sex ratio (2;1)?
because olive baboons have shorter inter-birth intrevals (2 years) as opposed to gorillas (3-6 years)
what factors affect how males mate with females
- seasonality
2 synchroncy
operational sex ratio?
of ovulating females + # of breeding females/males in a group
advatages of an operational sex ratio?
takes into account non-operational breeding females influenced by
- birth intrevals
- duration of estrous cycle
- number of cycles to conception
- number of days WHEN females are ovultation that males can fertilize
what do operational sex ratios explain
- variance
- sexual dimorphism
- group competition
what affects male competition?
female choice + estrous distribution (spatio-temporal)
constraints on sexual selection
- phylogenetic (population variation and female choice)
2. ecological (distribution of resources)
diet of females
small amounts of high energy foods
diet of malese
high amounts of low energy foods
socioecological model
females—> food/resources vs risks (prdators, disease, etc)
males—> females
hence: environmental factors affect group structures ecologically
EMSOMS
ecological model of social organization and mating systems
what affects female distribution
- resources (food, rest, resources)
2. rsisks (disease, infanticide, predators)
male strategies with disperesed females depend on…
- defensability of female
- infant care
male strategies with grouped females depend on..
- monopolization of female clusters:
1. number of females
2. spatial/temporal overlap of receptive period
Wranghams model (EMFSR)
female social relations depend on
- food avaiability
- predation risk
- infanticide avoidance
- social benefits
