Evolution Theory Flashcards
What did Darwin and Russel believe in?
Natural selection and hereditary traits
What did Aristotle believe?
That living things were unchanging and that humans were on top of the harirchy
What did Hutton and Lyell believe?
Unitarianism: the Earth is governed by laws and is changing gradually
What did Cuvier believe?
Catastrophism: Catastrophes happened causing organisms to move from the original starting place.
What did Jean-Baptisle de Lamarck believe?
Theory of Acquired Inherited traits. My legs broken, my kids leg is broken as hell. and that change happened during a organisms lifetime
What proof is there of the Theory of Evolution?
Fossils:
-fossils of unknown extincted species
-fossils of organisms more simple the older and further down rock
-no fossils of any current species
-fossils of species similar to currently alive species
Anatomy
-Homologous structures(features that serve different purposes in different species have similar structures) show common ancestry.
-Analogous structures (structures between populations of organisms with similar functions but different structures) show similar adaptations to the environment.
Embryos
-similar embryos/development processes show a shared set of genes and features
Vestigial features
-features that serve no purpose for a species are found but serve purposes in other species (ex. hip bones in whales)
DNA
-Species with similar DNA/share genes show common ancestry
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
A formal to show a state where a population does not evolve and allele frequencies DO NOT CHANGE.
It assumes that there will be
-no genetic mutations
-no gene flow(migration)
-no genetic drift (large population)
-random mating
-no natural selection
Explain what micro evolution is and list the different types.
Micro evolution: changes to a species gene pool that do not end with speciation(a new species forming from a pre-existing species)
1.genetic mutations
2.genetic flow: genes moving due to population migration
3.gene drift:changes in frequencies in alleles cuz of chance events
-bottleneck effect:population drastically decreases and so does the gene pool
-founder effect: new populations are started by few individuals
4.non-random mating;preferring certain phenotypes for breeding(sexual selection)
5. Natural selection
-directional selection :extreme phenotype are favored.
-stabilizing selection:average phenotypes are favored
-disruptive selection: Both the extreme traits are favored
explain and list Pre-zygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
Pre-zygotic RIMs are mechanisms that prevent mating between separate species (hybrids). They impede mating or prevent fertilization of the eggs .
1. Behavioral isolation:diff mating behavior
2. ecological isolation: diff habitats
3. temporal isolation: diff mating seasons
——————
Prevent fertilization
4. mechanical isolation: non compatible genitalia (can’t fuck)
5. gametic isolation: gametes cant fuse
explain and list Post-zygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
Post-zygotic RIMs prevent hybrid zygotes from producing another species.
1.Hybrid inviability: zygotes does not develop into adult
2. Hybrid Sterile: hybrids offspring is sterile
3.hybrid breakdown:2nd gen of hybrid offspring is sterile
What are the modes of speciation?
- Allopatric: population is split by geographical barrier
- Sympatric: small sets f the population start becoming genetically different due to disruptive selection, populations arent geographically split
what is the gene pool?
The genetic information of the entire population alleles
what is natural selection?
survival of the fittest. organisms with the genes best for survival will pass on their genes while organisms with weak phenotype swill dies along with their traits.
What is divergent evolution?
when a species evolves from a preexisting species. they become less similar
what is convergent evolution?
when 2 separate spaces form similar features for the same problem. they become more similar
