Evolution of Theories of Management Flashcards
act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.
Management
Who said that “Management is a distinct
process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated objectives by the use of human beings and other resources.”
George R. Terry
“To manage is to forecast and to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control”
Henry Fayol
“Management is a multi-purpose organ that manage business and manages managers and manages workers and work.”
Peter Drucker
“Management is the art of getting things done through people.
Mary Parker Fallett
The Industrial Revolution revolves around maximizing efficiency and production. Centralized leadership simplifies decision-making, and a meritocratic chain of commands provides order and oversight.
Classical Management Theory
Addresses the organization’s human and social elements
Behavioral Management Theory
Followed on the heels of World War II and combines mathematical principles with sociology to develop holistic approaches to management.
Modern Management Theory
It help organizations to focus, communicate, and evolve. It allows leadership to focus on their main goals. It automatically streamlines the top priorities for the organization when implemented. It also allows us to better communicate with people we work with which in turn allows us to work more efficiently.
Management theories
They began to focus on optimizing the worker-task mix, which laid the foundation for modern management techniques.
Managers
It led to a shift from small-scale crafts production to large-scale mechanized manufacturing. This change created new challenges for managers, who needed to find ways to improve efficiency and manage social problems within their organizations.
Industrial Revolution
What year does the Industrial Revolution brought extraordinary change to the workplace and forever transformed the way companies operate?
Late 1700s to the early 1900s
He developed and published his Scientific Management Theory in 1909.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
father of scientific management, believed that efficiency could be increased by studying and redesigning the work process.
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Tasks should be completed as ______
efficiently as possible
Everyone should be assigned a particular job based on their
skills and abilities
refined Taylor’s scientific management techniques by breaking down tasks into individual actions and analyzing them for efficiency.
The Gilbreths
The study of how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness.
Administrative Management Theory
considered to be highly relevant even today. While scientific management focused on improving the efficiency of individual tasks, other researchers were studying how to create efficient organizational structures.
Administrative Management Theory
Who developed the Administrative Management Theory and what year
Henri Fayol in the early 1900s
developed the principles of bureaucracy to help Germany manage its growing industrial
enterprises during the industrial revolution.
Max Weber
These principles aimed to create an efficient and effective system of organization and administration
Bureaucratic Management Theory
The study of how managers should behave in order to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals.
Behavioural Management Theory
a pioneer in management theory, emphasized the human side of organizations.
Mary Parker Follett
She believed that workers should participate in job analysis and decision-making, as they
possess valuable knowledge about their tasks.
Mary Parker Follett
believed that all early management theories only focused on how money affects employee performance. There were more factors that influenced how employees behaved and performed at work.
Elton Mayo
Centered around human interactions and relationships.
HUMAN RELATIONS MANAGEMENT THEORY
revealed that factors like leadership style and group dynamics significantly influence worker performance.
The Hawthorne studies
The finding that a manager’s behaviour or leadership approach can affect workers’ level of performance.
Hawthorne Effect
The study of the factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations.
Organizational Behaviour
The system of behavioural rules and norms that emerge in a group.
Informal Organization
Advocates of the idea that supervisors be behaviourally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.
Human Relations Movement
Uses data and quantitative methods to optimize decision-making and efficiency.
Management Science Theory
Organizations function as interconnected systems, where changes in one part affect the whole.
General Systems Theory
Theory X views employees as needing control, while Theory Y sees them as self motivated.
X and Y Management Theory
Organizations must adapt to external factors like competition and regulations for success.
Organizational Environment Theory
biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy created his General Systems Theory. Ludwig von Bertalanffy believed your body is the sum of all parts.
1940
The X&Y management theory is proposed by management theorist Douglas McGregor in his 1960 book
“The Human Side of Enterprise.”
based on close supervision, intimidation, and immediate punishment.
hard approach
proposed two contrasting sets of assumptions about work attitudes and behaviors, known as Theory X and Theory Y. These assumptions influence how managers think and act in organizations.
Douglas McGregor
characterized by leniency and less strict rules in hopes for creating high workplace morale and cooperative employees.
soft approach
believe that employees are inherently motivated to work and value the importance of helping their employees to thrive by providing opportunities for learning and development.
Theory Y Managers
The average employee is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. To ensure that employees work hard,
managers should closely supervise employees.
Theory X
Employees are not inherently lazy. Given the chance, employees will do what is good for the organization. To allow employees to work in the organization’s interest, managers must create a work setting that provides opportunities for workers to exercise initiative and self-direction.
Theory Y
Applies mathematical models and statistical analysis to improve managerial decision-making and efficiency.
Quantitative Management
Focuses on optimizing processes, resource allocation, and production efficiency through analytical techniques.
Operations Management
Integrates technology and data management to support decision-making, streamline operations, and enhance organizational performance.
Management Information Systems
A continuous improvement approach that emphasizes quality in every aspect of organizational processes to meet customer satisfaction.
Total Quality Management
Extensively used in engineering management to optimize resource allocation, production planning, and scheduling.
Linear Programming
Employed to mimic real-world systems or processes, allowing engineers to study system behavior under various scenarios and identify optimal strategies.
Simulation
Applied to minimize inventory costs while ensuring adequate supply.
Inventory Management
Aid in analyzing waiting lines and optimizing service processes, crucial in industries like manufacturing and service operations.
Queuing Theory
Assist in project scheduling, resource allocation, and risk management, ensuring projects are completed within budget and on schedule.
Project Management
Benefits of Management Science Theories
- Improved decision-making based on quantitative analysis and data-driven insights.
- Enhanced operational efficiency and resource utilization.
- Cost reduction through optimized processes and inventory management.
- Better risk management and mitigation strategies.
Help in managing supply chains efficiently, reducing costs, and enhancing responsiveness to customer demands.
Supply Chain Management
Improve product quality by analyzing process variability and implementing corrective actions.
Quality Control
Challenges of Management Science Theories
- Complexity in model development and interpretation.
- Data availability and quality issues.
- Resistance to change and implementation challenges in traditional organizational structures.
rooted in quantitative analysis and operations research techniques, provides valuable tools for improving decision-making and operational efficiency in engineering management. By integrating these methodologies, organizations can achieve significant cost savings, enhance productivity, and maintain competitive advantages in dynamic market environments.
Management Science Theory
framework that examines how external factors influence the behavior and performance of organizations.
Organizational Environment Theory
Organizational Environment Theory was influenced in the 1960s by the following researchers:
Daniel Katz
James D. Thompson
Robert L. Khan
sees organizations as systems that interact with their external environment, taking in resources and producing outputs. Organizations must be open to their environment to survive
The Open-Systems View
Key Components of the Organizational Environmental Theory
General Environment
Task Environment
Internal Environment
A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers.
Open System
A system that is self-contained and thus not affected by changes that occur in its external environment.
The Closed-Systems View
Tendency of a system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate.
Entropy
Performance gains that result when individuals and departments coordinate their actions.
Synergy
