Evolution of Genes and Genomes

Question 1

Raw material for evolutionary change

Answer 1

mistakes in DNA replication/repair

Question 2

point mutation

Answer 2

single base pair mistake

Question 3

substitution

Answer 3

point mutation goes to fixation in a population

Question 4

Synonymous

Answer 4

substitution does not change the amino acid
silent subsitution

Question 5

nonsynonymous

Answer 5

does cause a change in the amino acid specified

Question 6

in synonymous substitutions, fate of the mutant allel goverened maiinly by

Answer 6

drift

Question 7

iin nonsynonymous substitutions, fate of the mutant allele in large populations iis governed mainly by

Answer 7

selection; depends on advantageous or deleterious

Question 8

N/S = 1

Answer 8

neutral in respect to fitness

Question 9

N/S >1

Answer 9

under positiive selection for change

Question 10

N/S< 1

Answer 10

an amino acid position is under purifying selection

Question 11

molculer clock hypothesis states that

Answer 11

DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively constant over time and among different organisms

Question 12

direct result of rate constancy between DNA/protein sequence evolution and time

Answer 12

genetic difference between any two species is proportional to the time since these species last shared a common ancestor

Question 13

genome

Answer 13

full set of genes plus noncoding regions of DNA

Question 14

nucleoid/plasmid

Answer 14

prokaryote genes

Question 15

mitochondria/chloroplast

Answer 15

eukaryote genes

Question 16

two ways new genes could be acquired by a genome

Answer 16

duplicating existing genes
acquiring from another species

Question 17

autopolyploidy

Answer 17

can create new species in a single generation

Question 18

limit of autopolyploidy

Answer 18

individuals cannot mate with individuals that have same number of chromosomes as their parents

Question 19

polyploid organisms

Answer 19

have more than two complete sets of chromosomes

Question 20

gene duplications

Answer 20

may give rise to new protein functions

Question 21

4 types of gene duplications

Answer 21

1. one is nonfunctional
2. one gets substitutions and new function
3. both have original function but expression diverges
4. both retain original function

Question 22

pseudogenes

Answer 22

no longer functional genes

Question 23

types of mutations on pseudogenes

Answer 23

neutral

Question 24

hemoglobiin genes in humans

Answer 24

are expressed at different stages of development

Question 25

embryonic and fetal hemoglobin have a greater

Answer 25

affinity for oxygen which ensures that oxygen is transferred from maternal blood to fetus

Question 26

de nova gene formation

Answer 26

new genes from non-coding DNA

Question 27

de nova genes that are only found in one species

Answer 27

orphan status

Question 28

what percent of genes do de novo genes make up in every genome studied

Answer 28

10-30

Question 29

where did antarctic cod form antifreeze proteins from

Answer 29

digestive protein

Question 30

where did arctic antifreeze proteins from

Answer 30

de novo

Question 31

transposable elements

Answer 31

DNA sequences that are capable of integrating into the genome at a new site within the cell of its origin

Question 32

how do transposable elements work

Answer 32

alters cell's genotype