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BIO 1108 Lab > Evolution of Animals 2 > Flashcards

Evolution of Animals 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state and identify the four main features of a chordate

A
  1. pharyngeal slits
  2. post anal tail
  3. notochord
  4. dorsal hollow nerve cord
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2
Q

notochord

A

provides skeletal support and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates

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3
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine

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4
Q

post anal tail

A

skeletal extension of the posterior end of the body

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5
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in bony fish and into the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals.

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6
Q

what are the 3 subphyla that comprise the phylum chordata?

A
  1. cephalochordata (lancelets)
  2. urochordata (tunicates and sea squirts)
  3. vertebrata (hagfish, lempreys, cartilagenous/bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
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7
Q

what was the first true vertebrae?

A

lampreys (petromyzontidea)

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8
Q

who had the first true skeletal cartilage?

A

hagfish (myxini)

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9
Q

who had the first true skeletal bone?

A

ray finned fishes (actinopterygii)

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10
Q

who had the first hinged jaws?

A

sharks/rays/skates (chondrichthyes)

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11
Q

who had the first cranium?

A

hagfish (myxini)

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12
Q

who had the first paired appendages?

A

sharks/skates/rays (chondrichthyes)

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13
Q

who had the first two pairs of limbs?

A

amphibians (frogs/salamanders)

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14
Q

lancelets

A

cephalochordata

  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve chord
  3. post anal tail
  4. pharyngeal slits (solely for feeding here)

small, marine

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15
Q

tunicates

A

urochordata (“sea squirts”)

  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve chord
  3. post anal tail
  4. pharyngeal slits (feeding, only characteristic which is retained through to the adult form)
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16
Q

myxini

A

vertebrata
hagfish

  • true cartilage
  • cranium
  • gills for gas exchange

-no eyes/fins/jaw/vertebrae

17
Q

petromyzontidae

A

vertebrata
lampreys

  • true vertebrae
  • cartilage (fake teeth)
  • cranium
  • gills for gas exchange

-no jaw, no true teeth

18
Q

chondrichthyes

A 
vertebrata
cartilagenous fishes (sharks/skates/rays)
  • true vertebrae
  • cartilage
  • cranium
  • jaws and teeth
  • paired appendages (paired pectoral fins)
  • scales
  • gills for gas exchange
19
Q

osteichthyes (what 2 groups make up these fishes?)

A

vertebrata - bony fishes

  1. ray finned fishes
  2. lobe finned fishes
20
Q

actinopterygii

A

osteichthyes - bony fishes
ray finned fishes

  • most common fishes
  • swim bladder
  • true skeletal bones
  • jaw
  • cranium
  • teeth
  • scales
  • gills for gas exchange
21
Q

sarcopterygii

A

lobe-finned fishes - bony fish
(actinistia) coelocanths and (dipnoi) lungfish

  • muscular appendages extensions of skeleton
  • bony skeleton
  • swim bladder
  • scales

lungfish has first true lungs

22
Q

amphibia

A

vertebrata - tetrapoda
amphibians

  • two pairs of limbs
  • gills in young, lungs in adults
  • go through metamorphosis
  • semi-aquatic
  • no scales (susceptible to desiccation)
  • first chordates to be somewhat terrestrial
23
Q

reptilia (what groups comprise reptiles?)

A

amniota
snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, birds

  • scales
  • lungs for gas exchange
  • eggs covered with a shell
  • amnion (now independent of water)
24
Q

lepidosauria

A

reptilia
lizards, snakes, tuatara

  • true teeth
  • skeletons
  • lungs
25
Q

testudines

A

reptilia
turtles and tortoises

  • paired lungs
  • shelled, amniotic eggs
  • hard protective shell
26
Q

aves

A

reptilia
birds

  • feathers*
  • scales
  • amniotic hard eggs
  • only reptile with endothermy
27
Q

crocodilia

A

reptilia

crocodiles, alligators

28
Q

mammalia

A
  1. monotremata
  2. marsupialia
  3. eutheria
29
Q

monotremata

A

platypus and echidnas

  • milk
  • hair
  • endothermic
  • adults lack teeth
  • lay eggs
30
Q

marsupialia

A

marsupials (kangaroos, opossum, koalas, tasmanian devils)

  • live, undeveloped young
  • milk
  • hair
  • endothermy
  • develop in a pouch (marsupium)
  • lack true placentas
31
Q

eutheria

A

placental mammals (human, cat, bat, etc.)

(artiodactyls, bats, carnivores, insectivores, primates, rodents)

  • placenta (grow young, gestation)
  • milk
  • hair
  • endothermy

BIO 1108 Lab (9 decks)

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