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BIOLOGY > Evolution, Natural Selection, Antibiotic Resistance > Flashcards

Evolution, Natural Selection, Antibiotic Resistance Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria can exchange genetic information by _______

A

HGT (Horizontal Gene Transfer)

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2
Q

Can bacteria acquire new traits?

A

Yes (to survive hostile environments)

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3
Q

Survival of the fittest is also referred to as…

A

Natural Selection

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4
Q

Bacteria selects ____ out of ____ _______ that enabled them to _______.

A

1, 2, traits, survive

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5
Q

What selects the traits in natural selection?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

Which out of the 2 traits is selected?

A

The trait that allowed it to survive and reproduce.

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6
Q

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through:
1.
2.

A
  1. random mutations
  2. evolutionary stress
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7
Q

What are 4 contributing factors to antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. Overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics.
  2. incorrect diagnosis of a viral infection, not a bacterial infection
  3. improper use by patient (not finishing full course)
  4. use of antibiotics on livestock
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8
Q

True or False: MRSA stands for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.

A

True

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9
Q

What is step 1 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A
  1. A bacterium mutates and becomes antibiotic resistant.
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10
Q

What is step 2 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A
  1. Antibiotic kills of all bacteria except for the antibiotic resistant bacterium.
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11
Q

What is step 3 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A
  1. Antibiotic resistant bacterium multiplies, forming a population of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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12
Q

What is step 4 of the formation of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria can transfer their mutation to other bacteria.

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13
Q

True or False: Viruses don’t need a host to reproduce.

A

False- they do need a host.

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14
Q

What is the job of viruses?

A

To invade the immune system of the host to reproduce or make more copies of itself.

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15
Q

Do vaccines and supplements work against viruses?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

AIDS

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17
Q

Does bacteria reproduce at a fast or slow rate?

A

Fast rate.

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18
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

19
Q

How is HIV caused?

A

HIV is caused by a virus

20
Q

True or False: HIV can rapidly develop resistance to anti-viral medications.

A

True

21
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV?

A

No

22
Q

Is there a cure for AIDS?

A

No

23
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Through sexual contact.

24
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

Evolution is any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations.

25
Q

True or False: Evolution does not give evidence that all species had a common ancestor.

A

False.

26
Q

What is Charles Darwin known for?

A

His findings on the Galapagos Islands.

27
Q

What is the idea of Darwinism?

A

The idea that evolution occurs by Natural Selection (survival of the fittest).

28
Q

With natural selection, organisms produce _____ offspring than can survive, which produces ___________.

A

More, competition.

29
Q

With natural selection, individuals in the population with ________ variations/traits survive and ____ them on to the next ____________.

A

useful, pass, generation

30
Q

Only the ________ will pass along favorable traits.

A

fittest

31
Q

What is the evidence of evolution? (Think FAME).

A

Fossil Evidence

Anatomical structures (body parts)

Molecular Evidence (DNA/RNA/ATP)

Embryological (Embryos look similar from one species to the next).

32
Q

Fossils offer insight into evolution over ______ ___________.

A

Long timescales

33
Q

Transitional Fossils are the missing _____ in evolution, as the traits are common to both ancestral groups and its descendents.

A

Links

34
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

Structures with unique physical features but have different functions. (with a common ancestor)

35
Q

What is an analogous structure?

A

Structures found in different species and have the same function, but no common ancestor.

36
Q

Vestigial structures: Sometimes organisms have structures that have no apparent function, but are ____________ to useful structures in other organisms.

A

Homologous

37
Q

Vestigial structures appear as evolutionary “____________”.

A

leftovers

38
Q

True or False: Some examples of vestigial structures on humans are wisdom teeth, appendix, and male nipples.

A

True

39
Q

True or False: You can’t use molecular biology as evidence for evolution.

A

False

40
Q

Like similar structures, similar biological molecules can reflect shared evolutionary ancestry with….
- same ____
- same or very similar ________ _____
- same basic processes for gene ___________ (transcription/translation)
-same molecular building blocks (_______ _________)

A

DNA, genetic codes, expression, amino acids

41
Q

Can biologists compare nucleotide sequences of genes to determine the relatedness of organisms?

A

Yes

42
Q

True or False: Biologists use the gene sequences found in different species to determine the evolutionary relatedness to one another and a common ancestor.

A

True

43
Q

In embryology, it is believed that the ______ similarities = the _____ closely related, which supports the idea of a _________ ancestor.

A

more, more, common

44
Q
A

BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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