Evolution by Natural Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Darwin’s book that influenced evolution

A

Darwin’s On the Origin of Species

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2
Q

What voyage did Darwin go on that he was able to do all his collecting and for how long

A

HMS Beagle and 1831-1836

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3
Q

Where did Darwin’s finches come from

A

the galapagos islands

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4
Q

Darwin saw in domestic plant and animal breeding a _________.

A

potential mechanism for evolution

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5
Q

What are Darwin’s Four Postulates of Natural Selection

A
  1. Individuals within populations are variable.
  2. Variations among individuals are, at least in part, passed from parents to their offspring.
  3. In every generation, some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others.
  4. The survival and reproduction of individuals are not random. Survival and reproduction are tied to variation among individuals in one or more aspects of the phenotype.
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6
Q

What did the Grant’s Studies discover

A
  • Links among variation in morphology, molecules, function, and fitness
  • Illustrates interaction of abiotic and biotic agents of selection
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7
Q

What does it mean on a graph for heritability variation that as a positive slow

A

Positive slope means offspring tend to resemble parents

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8
Q

What genes are responsible for variation in beak size?

A

Among species, variation in beak size due to differences in timing of expression of bone morphogenic protein (BMP4).

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9
Q

Recent study has documented that
pathway involving expression of
calmodulin (CaM) affects?

A

affects variation in beak morphology among species

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10
Q

What happened to the finches beaks after a drought?

A

their beaks grew larger and harder in order to crack the harder and larger seeds

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11
Q

Herrel and colleagues in 2005 measured what in 147

Geospiza fortis.

A

bite force

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12
Q

Another recent study has found that increased bite force may be especially important for what?

A

decreasing the time required for husking seeds

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13
Q

Principal components (PCs) are multivariate combinations of individual variables that influence _______

A

size and shape

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14
Q

What happened in 2003-2004 between large G. magnirostris and small magnirostris

A

a drought happened but the small finches out competed the large ones so a small sharp beak was favored

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15
Q

What are some characteristics of Malignant Hyperthermia

A
  • Caused by exposure to certain anesthetics.
  • Rapid increase in metabolic rate and body temperature.
  • Can cause damage and death.
  • Related to mutations in the ryanodine receptor that allow massive influx of Ca++
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16
Q

What are two characteristics of the Bill Fish’s eye

A

Specialized ocular muscle produces heat and Doesn’t contract

17
Q

What is the nature of natural selection

A
  • Natural Selection acts on individuals, but its consequences occur in populations.
  • Natural Selection acts on phenotypes but evolution consists of changes in allele frequencies.
  • Natural Selection is not forward looking.
18
Q

What are two examples of new traits that can evolve, even though Natural Selection acts on existing traits.

A

–Mutation

–And, in sexual species, meiosis and fertilization recombine existing alleles into new genotypes.

19
Q

Panda’s “thumb” is a modified _______

A

radial sesamoid (wrist bone)

20
Q

Why does the panda have a “thumb”

A

Structures evolved originally for one purpose, but then selected and modified for another purpose are often termed preadaptations.