Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

5 agents of evolutionary change

A

mutation and variation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, and natural selection

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2
Q

mutation and variation

A

random genetic changes

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3
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another, it reduces differences in populations

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4
Q

non-random mating

A

individuals select their partner

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5
Q

genetic drift

A

gene frequency is unstable due to small size of population

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6
Q

natural selection

A

any adaptation an individual takes in order to better fit into its environment

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7
Q

founder effect

A

small group splinters off and starts a new colony

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8
Q

bottleneck effect

A

some factor (disaster) reduces population to small number and then population recovers and expands again

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9
Q

sources of variation?

A

mutation

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10
Q

evolutionary fitness

A

survival and reproductive success

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11
Q

5 conditions that must be met by a population in hardy weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. population size is large
  2. random mating
  3. no mutations
  4. no genes input from other sources
  5. no selection
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12
Q

what upsets the hardy weinberg equilibrium?

A

any agent of evolutionary change

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13
Q

what can changes of allele frequency over time tell us?

A

it can tell if an agent of evolutionary change is at work

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14
Q

describe how the heterozygote genotype helps to maintain the recessive alleles in a population

A

it carries the recessive allele so it may stay present in a population

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15
Q

difference between Lamarck’s theory and Darwin’s theory

A

Lamarck: individual acquire adaptations during their life
Darwin: the adaptations were handed down through the fittest to reproduce

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16
Q

explain the observations on Darwins voyage helped him formulate his theory

A

the finches Darwin observed adapted to best fit their environment

17
Q

Darwins conclusion of how the finches became so diverse on the Galapagos Islands

A

they became more diverse to better fit their environments

18
Q

artificial selection

A

human selects for or against a certain trait

19
Q

covergent

A

not closely related and similar traits allow them to survive

20
Q

parallel evolution

A

completely separate habitats but are similar

21
Q

sexual selection

A

favors certain traits; males most fit

22
Q

directional selection

A

when it favors one side of a curve

23
Q

disruptive selection

A

the ends are favored

24
Q

stabilizing selection

A

highly favored on one genotype

25
Q

allopatric speciation

A

species that evolve the same time but are geographically separated

26
Q

sympatric speciation

A

species that evolve at the same time and same area

27
Q

geographic isolation

A

physical barrier w 2 species on either side

28
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when two species can’t reproduce together

29
Q

what can result from isolated populations?

A

speciation

30
Q

pre-zygotic examples

A

behavioral- different mating rituals
temporal- breed at different times
mechanical- bodies can’t reproduce together

31
Q

post-zygotic

A

hybrid inviability- zygote dies

hybrid sterility- surviving hybrid animal can’t reproduce

32
Q

gradualism

A

slow changes overtime

33
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

rapid changes when needed

34
Q

explain what is meant by “evolution is no goal-orientate”

A

evolution occurs for survival

35
Q

describe how biologist can use info from DNA sequences can be used to develop phylogenetic trees

A

the closer related the DNA the closer related the organism

36
Q

biological species concept

A

can breed together or not

offspring is fertile