Biochemistry Flashcards
atoms with opposite charges attract (weak bond)
ionic bonds
bonds between atoms within same H2O molecule (strong bond)
covalent bonds
pair of electrons shared equally by two atoms
non polar covalent
pair of electrons shared unequally by two atoms
polar covalent
bond between 2 H2O molecules (weak bond)
hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bonding between water molecules, water is “sticky”, creates surface tension
cohesion
hydrogen bonding between water and other substances, meniscus
adhesion
movement of water through small tubes
capillary action
polarity makes H2O a good…
solvent
substance has an attraction to H2O
hydrophilic
substance doesn’t like H2O
hydrophobic
why is it important that ice floats?
surface ice insulates water below so life can survive in the winter
H2O resists changes in temperature
heat capacity
amount of heat absorbed to vaporize water at a constant temperature
heat of vaporization
on a pH scale 0-6 is…?
acidic
oh a pH scale 7 is…?
neutral
on a pH scale 8-14 is…?
basic
organic compounds with OH= alcohols, carbohydrates
hydroxyl
O double bonded to C, proteins
carbonyl
COOH, compounds w COOH= acids (amino and fatty acids), proteins
carboxyl
NH2, amines, NH2 acts as base, proteins
amino
S bonded to H, stabilizes proteins
sulfhydryl
P bonded to 4 O (PO4), connects C to and O, nucleic acids
phosphate
smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules
macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
combinations of C and H
hydrocarbons
what properties do hydrocarbons have?
non polar and hydrophobic
joins monomers by taking out H2O, monomer donates OH and other monomer donates H
dehydration synthesis
uses H2O to breakdown polymers, opposite of dehydration synthesis, H2O is split into H and OH
hydrolysis
if H+ = OH water is…
neutral
if H+ > OH water is…
acidic
study of carbon compounds
organic
can contain hydrogen OR carbon, not both
inorganic
carbon backbone
carbon skeleton
what properties does oxygen have?
polar, hydrophilic
bond that holds carbs together?
glycosidic
bond that holds proteins together?
peptide
bond that holds nucleotides together?
phosphodiester
bond that holds lipids together?
ester
unfolding of a protein?
denaturation
conditions that disrupt denaturation?
temp, pH, salinity
what structures does denaturation alter?
2, 3, 4
name two nucleic acid polymers
DNA, RNA
name two nucleotides
purines, pyrimidines
double N ring base, adenine, guanine
purine
single ring N base, cytosine, thymine, uracil
pyrimidines
3 parts of a nucleotide?
nitrogen base (C-N ring), pentose sugar (5C) (DNA,RNA), phosphate group
reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction
catalysts
reactant which binds to enzyme
substrate
end result of reaction
product
enzymes catalytic site; substrate fits into this
active site
enzyme theory? specific substrate fits into specific enzyme
lock and key
enzyme theory? enzyme is slightly different than substrate but substrate comes in and changes its shape so they match up perfectly
induced fit
type of activator? non protein and organic
coenzyme
type of activator? non protein and inorganic
cofactor
what factors affect enzymes?
enzyme concentration, substrate concentration,temp, pH and salinity
type of inhibitor? inhibitor and substrate compete for active site
competitive inhibitor
type of inhibitor? inhibitor binds to site other than active site
non competitive inhibitor
type of inhibitor? changes shape of enzyme so it can’t bind to substrate
allosteric inhibitor
type of inhibitor? inhibitor permanently binds to enzyme
irreversible inhibitor
