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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Gene Flow?

A

The gain or loss of genes through movement between populations

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2
Q

What is Genetic Drift?

A

The change in a population’s gene frequencies due to chance

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3
Q

Gene Frequency

A

The ratio the shows what percentage of a population has a certain gene

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4
Q

Change in an environment can affect an organisms what?

A

fitness

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5
Q

What was the name of Charles Darwin’s ship?

A

HMS Beagle

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6
Q

What animals did Charles Darwin research and where?

A

Finches and Tortoises on the Galapagos Islands

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7
Q

What are the five evidences of evolution?

A

Paleontology (fossils), Biogeography (fossil locations), Embryology (study of Embryos), Molecular Homologies (Bone anatomy) & Molecular Biology (amino acid sequences)

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8
Q

What is an Analogous structure?

A

Structures (limbs) that have the same function but look different. ex: bat wings & insect’s wings

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9
Q

What is a Homologous structure?

A

Structures (limbs) that look similar but serve different functions. ex: human arm, dog leg, bird wing, & a whale fin

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10
Q

What is a Vestigial structure?

A

A feature that was inherited but is not used in the modern world. ex: appendix, wisdom teeth, etc.

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11
Q

How are organisms placed on a Phylogenetic Tree?

A

Data from evolution evidences show whether an organism shares a common ancestor with others

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12
Q

What is a outgroup on a cladogram?

A

An outgroup is a species that is the least closely related to the other organisms on the cladogram. ex: if organism a was at the bottom of the graph then it would be the outgroup

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13
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which individuals which are “more fit” for the environment survive and reproduce

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14
Q

What does natural selection require in order to work?

A

Natural selection requires genetic variation and an environmental pressure that gives some individuals an advantage

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15
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A change that helps an organisms survive and reproduce better. ex: in a population of brown fur bunnies the white fur bunnies survive in the winter months when it snows

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16
Q

What is random mutation?

A

Changes in the amino acid sequence in an organism which results in the creation of a new genotype variation. ex: in a population of brown fur bunnies a single white fur bunny is born

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17
Q

What is evolutionary fitness?

A

Any trait that causes an organism to survive and reproduce better

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18
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

A trait that improves the organisms chance of finding a mate. ex: a peacock with a large & colorful tail is more likely to attract a mate rather than a peacock that has a short & dull tail.

19
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a new colony is started by few individuals from a large population. ex: within a flock of birds a group of 5 birds decide to migrate somewhere else and start their own flock

20
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing. ex: covid-19 kills 65% of a rural towns population

21
Q

What is directional selection?

A

One of the two extreme phenotypes was favored by natural selection

22
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Organisms in a population with the extreme traits do not survive and the average (normal) trait thrives. ex: a abnormally small baby has a higher chance of having birth defects; conversely, an abnormally large baby will have a challenge in terms of a safe delivery

23
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Organisms in a population with the extreme traits survive and the average trait dies out. ex: Female elephant seals are “selected” to be small and males are “selected to be large. Intermediate size is rarely found

24
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans directly influence variation within a population. ex: only the largest and juiciest apples are bred while the small and dry ones die off

25
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

When a organism is no longer able to mate and produce offspring

26
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

When one species splits off into two different species that are unable to mate due to genetic variation between the species.

27
Q

What is a punctuated equilbrium?

A

Divergent evolution that occurs quickly after a period of stasis (little evolution).

28
Q

What is gradualism?

A

The evolutionary process in which species experience changes in characteristics slowly and incrementally

29
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

When a species rapidly diversifies due to an abundance of available ecological niches suddenly opening up.

30
Q

What is niche?

A

The role an organism plays in an environment.

31
Q

What are the five parts of natural selection?

A

Variation, Inheritance, Time, Adaptation, and Selection

32
Q

What is Non-Random Mating?

A

The rule that some individuals are more or less likely to mate with individuals of a particular genotype than others

33
Q

What is Speciation?

A

The creation of a new species.

34
Q

What are the 5 Prezygotic Barriers (Reproductive Barriers) ?

A

Habitat, Temporal, Behavioral, Mechanical, & Gametic

35
Q

What is the Habitat barrier?

A

Organisms are unable to reproduce due to having no contact with each other.

36
Q

What is the Temporal barrier?

A

Organisms are unable to reproduce due to different mating and breeding seasons.

37
Q

What is the Behavioral barrier?

A

Organisms are unable to reproduce due to unrecognizable signals sent for mating.

38
Q

What is the Mechanical Barrier?

A

Organisms are unable to reproduce due to being physically incapable of breeding. ex: a snail with a right side shell and a snail with a left side shell.

39
Q

What is the Gametic Barrier?

A

Organisms are unable to reproduce due to the incompatibly of the eggs and sperm.

40
Q

What is Macroevolution?

A

Evolution that occurs on a large scale. ex: the meteor that killed the dinosaurs

41
Q

What is Microevolution?

A

Evolution that occurs on a small scale. ex: pesticide resistance in bugs

42
Q

What is Phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms, such as a tribe or a racial group. ex: the tree of all life is a schematic model that shows the evolution of organisms both extinct and living.,

43
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution?

A

Mutations, Non-random mating, gene flow, finite population (genetic drift), & natural selection

44
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two separate species in different areas evolve to look or behave in a similar manner.

Biology (9 decks)

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