EVIP Student Guide Flashcards
CDL Exemption
(i) The firefighter or law
enforcement officer has
successfully completed a
driver training course
approved by the director;
and
(ii) The firefighter or law
enforcement officer carries a
certificate attesting to the
successful completion of the
approved training course;
True Emergency
A situation in which there is a high
probability of death or serious injury to an
individual(s) or significant property loss and
actions by the emergency vehicle driver may
reduce the seriousness of the situations.
Emergency Mode
The emergency mode utilizes warning lights
and sirens, if necessary, during a response
to a true emergency.
Due Regard
This means that while performing similar
duties and under similar circumstances, a
reasonably careful person would act in the
same manner.
responding to true emergencies
DUE REGARD must be used when
SPECIFIC EXEMPTION is taken while
responding to a TRUE EMERGENCY in
the EMERGENCY MODE.
AUTHORIZED VEHICLES
any
vehicle of any fire department, police
department, sheriff’s office, coroner,
prosecuting attorney, Washington state
patrol, ambulance service, public or private,
which need not be classified, registered or
authorized by the state patrol, or any other
vehicle authorized in writing by the state
patrol.
To receive certification Emergency Vehicle
Operators (EVO) must
Classroom coverage of EVIP Curriculum.
Pass a 25 question written test (80% to
pass.)
Correctly complete visual and operational
checklist.
Perform the EVIP rodeo to the minimum
requirements.
Perform the EVIP road test to the
minimum requirements.
Carry an AHJ issued certificate of
successful EVIP completion while driving
emergency vehicles.
Negligence
Legal deficiency or wrong which results
whenever a person fails to exercise that
degree of care which a prudent person
would exercise under similar circumstances
Negligence 4 steps
Duty
Breach of Duty
Injury or Death
Breach of the duty caused injury or
death
PRIVATE VEHICLE RESPONSE
You cannot “respond” under the emergency
response RCW exemption in your personal
vehicle.
CITIZENS RESPONSE TO
EMERGENCY VEHICLES
the driver of
every other vehicle shall yield the right of
way and shall immediately drive to a position
parallel to, and as close as possible to, the
right-hand edge or curb of the roadway
clear of any intersection and shall stop
and remain in such position until the
authorized emergency vehicle has passed
LODD % of emer deaths
25%
Leading Causes of LODD - MVA
2
Legal; actions against departments
1 cause - MVA
DEFENSIVE DRIVING STRATEGIES
- Scan
- Identify
- Anticipate
- Decide
- Execute
Seat Belt Policy
100% Seat Belt Policy.
Vehicles with high center of gravity
Engineer or modify to lower center of
gravity
* Additional Operator Training
* Keep heavy trucks on road
What makes a good operator?
- Physical Fitness
- Age
- Habits
- Driving Characteristics
- Common Sense
- Are they trainable?
Operator Error Causes
Inattention
Fatigue
Inexperience
Unexpected Hazards
- Avoid tunnel vision
- Avoid auditory occlusion
- Always scan surroundings
- Identify an escape route
- Maintain a cushi
Depth perception & ability to maneuver
Skills training, road test, and rodeo
Reacting, braking, and stopping distance
- Increase following distance, reduce
speed
Controlling weight transfer
Baffles and engineering controls
Use of a cellular device
Have a cellular policy and enforce it
Looking for address
Have partner lookup address
No pre-planned route to common calls
Pre-planning
ROAD CONDITIONS
Sunrise/Sunset obstructing visibility
Traffic Volume/Patterns
Unusual Things
Road Characteristics
Surface
Shoulders
Curves
Crown
Dips
Vegetation
Bridges
WEATHER
Slow Down
Use AWD Vehicles
Do not drive through standing water
without assessing depth/hazards
WEATHER
Slow Down
Use AWD Vehicles
Do not drive through standing water
without assessing depth/hazards
Inattentive Drivers
20 % of other drivers are DWI/DWAI
80% of all drivers are doing something
else
70% of new drivers have an accident in
the first year of licensing
Most drivers make short left hand turns.
Road Rage
Unpredictable motorist actions
Anticipate randomness of other motorists
Use of Emergency Mode
Use emergency mode only when
responding to a true emergency
Emergency
Vehicles Entering Roadway
Look left, than right, than left again
before entering a roadway.
Time to plan an escape route out of the
emergency.
Always have a cushion.
When you see a hazard, think about what
you would do to avoid or minimize any
accident.
Always be prepared to take action based
on your plan
DICE
Decision: decide which way you want to
go.
Intent: signal your intention, let others
know what you are about to do.
Check: check your mirrors, lean forward
in your seat to reduce the blind spot.
Execute: make your merge a gradual
one, do not perform maneuvers that
cause excessive swaying of the
apparatus.
BACKING OF APPARATUS
- Never back unless you have to.
- Use a spotter.
- If you back up, do it slowly.
- Back as if you expect to hit
something. - Keep looking back until completely
stopped. - Your ground guide should position
himself/herself at the left rear of the
tanker where eye contact can be
made with the EVO in the mirror. - If you cannot see the spotter- STOP!
- Use Standard Apparatus
Communication
Stop
Forward or Reverse
Left or Right
Diminishing Clearance
INTERSECTIONS danger
Traffic Volume
Right of Way
Traffic Control Devices
WFC EVIP PROGRAM 3.0
Page 13 of 20
Siren Use
Pedestrians
Dangers of Crosswalks
Approaching Intersections
Use extreme caution when traveling
through intersections.
* Remove foot from accelerator and cover
brake while approaching.
* Reduce speed when approaching
intersection.
* Come to a full & complete stop against a
stop signal, if possible.
* If visibility is blocked or unclear always
stop.
* Make eye contact with other drivers and
pedestrians.
multiple EMERGENCY VEHICLES
APPROACHING INTERSECTION
- Use Communication
- Technology
RAILROAD CROSSINGS
Stop at uncontrolled crossings, look
and listen
Don’t shift gears on tracks
If you are stuck, ditch the rig
Know the length of your EV and don’t
try to ‘beat’ a train
Missed Addresses / U-Turns
- Two-Point turns.
- Three-Point turns.
- Go around the block.
- Make Corrections slowly and
calmly with a clear purpose. - Follow your jurisdiction’s
policies/guidelines on change of
address or missed locations.
WHEEL LEAVING
ROADWAY
Do not panic.
* Maintain control of the steering wheel.
* Take your foot off the accelerator, but do
not brake.
* Allow the Vehicle to slow down on its
own.
* When the vehicle reaches a slow, safe
speed, turn the wheel to the left and
gently steer back onto the roadway.
* Be careful not to overcorrect.
BLOWN TIRE
Maintain foot on gas and slowly drive
it out to a stop.
SPEED
Being unable to negotiate curves.
Being unable to stop before hitting
another object or entering an
intersection.
Losing control due to weight shift.
Losing control due to right side wheels
leaving road surface.
Losing control from poor road
conditions.
EQUIPMENT FAILURES
can cause a loss of:
* Brakes
* Control
* Equipment
Equiptment Failures
Only allow qualified personnel to respond
Preventative Vehicle Checks
Use a checklist at least weekly
Use ASE certified mechanic for repairs and
yearly inspection
Proper inspection and maintenance of
apparatus is needed for the safety of the
operators. A systematic approach is crucial
for the success of maintenance programs.
Maintenance and inspection records need to
be documented. Failure to notice the
indicators could result in a bad situation,
serious crash and even death.
RECORD KEEPING AND
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance and inspection
records need to be documented.
Daily Inspections
Basics
Brakes
Fluids
Belts
Tires
Follow recommended maintenance
intervals:
Pump test
Ladder test
Preventative Maintenance
3rd Party Inspections
When a deficiency or repair needs to be
made, the apparatus needs to be tagged
and taken “Out of Service”.
FIRE APPARATUS
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
If at any time a fire apparatus is found
to be in an unsafe condition, it shall be
reported immediately to the officer on duty.
FIRE APPARATUS
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE -OOS
If in the driver or duty officer’s
determination, the apparatus cannot be used
in a safe manner, it shall be taken out of
service until it has been restored to a safe
operating condition.
Suppression repair
All repairs to the suppression
components of emergency vehicles of the
fire department shall be done by an
emergency vehicle technician
non suppression repair
maintenance or routine work to
non-suppression systems of suppression
apparatus or other fire department vehicles
and their equipment shall be done by
personnel qualified in the specific area of
repair
preventitive maintainance program
(a) A preventive maintenance program
shall be instituted and records maintained for
each individual apparatus in order to record
and track potential or on-going problems.
(b) Apparatus shall be maintained and
tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
OPERATORS CAN IMPROVE
DRIVING PERFORMANCE BY
Use qualified, rested drivers whenever
possible.
Respond in as few as apparatus as
possible.
Drop code whenever possible.
Wear your seatbelts.
Anticipate distracted drivers.
Make eye contact with other motorists
and pedestrians when at all possible.
Accelerate and brake slowing.
Slow down overall response speeds.
Use a spotter when backing up the
vehicle.
Use consistent hand signals while
backing vehicle to avoid confusion.
Perform preventative vehicle checks.
Use ASE Certified Mechanic, Emergency
Vehicle Technicians, or a factory
authorized mechanic for repairs and
inspections.
PHYSICAL FORCES THAT IMPACT
VEHICLE OPERATIONS
- Speed (Acceleration)
- Force/Momentum
- Friction
- Centripetal Force
Excessive speed puts the EV driver in the
position of
Being unable to negotiate curves.
Being unable to stop before hitting
another vehicle.
Being unable to stop before entering
an intersection.
Losing control due to weight shift.
Losing control due to right side
wheels leaving road surface.
Losing control from poor road
conditions such as pot holes, speed
bumps, wet, icy or snowy road
surfaces.
FORCE AND ACCELERATION (SPEED)
Force = Mass x Acceleration (F=MA)
* ‘The bigger you are, the harder you
hit.’
* ‘The faster you go, the harder you hit.’
FRICTION
- It would be impossible to control a
vehicle without friction. - Friction enables the Emergency
Vehicle to stop, accelerate, and
change direction. - Friction is the resistance to slipping.
- Friction occurs whenever two
surfaces rub together.
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
A friction coefficient measures how slippery
a road is.
Dry Asphalt - COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
value of 0.8 to 0.9
Wet or Icy Asphalt - COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
drop to 0.2 or 0.3
Braking Distance
How far the vehicle
travels from the brakes starting to slow the
vehicle and the vehicle coming to a complete
stop.
Perception Distance
How far the vehicle
travels when the need to brake occurs and
the driver recognizes that need.
Reaction Distance
How far the vehicle
travels as the driver reacts and applies the
brake.
Brake Lag Distance
How far the vehicle
travels from the time the brakes are applied
and the vehicle begins to slow down.
STOPPING DISTANCES OF AN ENGINE
10 23.47 7.34 6.54 37.34
20 46.94 14.67 26.14 87.76
35 82.15 25.67 80.07 187.89
45 105.62 33.01 132.35 270.98
55 129.10 40.34 197.71 367.15
ANTILOCK BRAKES
Antilock brakes on newer vehicles improve
performance in braking.
Airbrakes
Airbrakes are common on large vehicles and
require an understanding of how they work.
In most vehicles, air pressure must build up
to >60 psi in a tank to ‘release’ the brakes
and allow travel.
You must push the ‘brake release’ button to
move the vehicle.
air compressor
The air compressor pumps air into the
storage tanks (reservoirs). This compressor
can be driven by gears or most common a
V-belt.
governor
The governor controls the pressure going to
the storage tanks. When the air pressure
reaches 120 psi depending on the system
requirements the governor will shut the
compressor off until a pressure loss is
detected.
Storage tanks
Storage tanks will hold enough air to allow
the brakes to be used in the event the
compressor stops working.
safety relief valve
A safety relief valve is installed in the first
air tank (quick build up tank) this protects the
braking system from over pressuring. This
safety valve in most vehicles will pop off at
150 psi, then reset itself.
tank drain valve
The tank drain valve, when opened, will
allow any moisture or water to be drained
from the air tank at its lowest point. This
valve should be opened at least once a
week for 2 to 3 seconds then closed.
air chamber
The air chamber holds the parking brake
spring and applies pressure to a piston that
will push on the s-cam. This will put pressure
on the slack adjuster then to the brake pads.
Brake drums
Brake drums are located at the end of each
axle and the wheels are bolted to the drums.
brake shoes
The brake shoes and linings are located
inside the drums and push against the inside
of the drum to provide friction needed for
stopping.
air supply
pressure gauge
All air-braked vehicles have an air supply
pressure gauge. This gauge allows the
driver to see the pressure in the system at all
times. This is also used to check for air leaks
when the system is off.
low pressure warning buzzer
The low pressure warning buzzer will give
the driver an audible warning in the event
the system air pressure falls to the danger
zone. In most fire trucks this alarm will sound
at 60 < psi. Should this buzzer sound when
the vehicle is in motion, locate a safe
location to pull the vehicle to a stop and
check the system for damage.
AIR BRAKE INSPECTIONS
at least once a week
some departments at the start of every shift
document and keep for 5 years
entire break system check
once a year or every 3,000 miles by a certified ASE mechanic
Leak down test
- with a fully-charged air
system (typically 125 psi) turn the engine off
and the wheels chocked and the parking
brake off. Note the pressure and the time.
For single system, unit there should not be
more than a 3 psi drop in one minute. If the
pressure drop is more than 3 psi the system
should be inspected for damage or leaks.
Parking brake test
With the system air
pressure in the normal operating range and
the driver in the vehicle with seatbelt on and
the shifter in natural; the parking brake off,
allow the vehicle to roll forward. Apply the
parking brake and the vehicle should come
to a rapid stop and prevent vehicle
movement.
BRAKE FADE
Brake fade is a superheating of the brake
system which will lead to brake failure or a
significant decrease in the vehicle’s ability to
stop.
The brake pedal will feel soft. Brake pedal
travel will increase and will give a feeling that
the brake system has failed completely.
BRAKE FADE
Brake fade is a superheating of the brake
system which will lead to brake failure or a
significant decrease in the vehicle’s ability to
stop.
The brake pedal will feel soft. Brake pedal
travel will increase and will give a feeling that
the brake system has failed completely.
Terminal Velocity
If you were faced with a 6% grade that went
for a total distance of 6 miles and if you did
not use any braking action during your
decent.
With a vehicle with a GVW (gross vehicle
weight) of 38,000 pounds your speed would
climb to 238 mph
SNUB braking
This method works by allowing the vehicle to
speed up to the desired or posted safe
speed then applying the brakes and slowing
the vehicle down 5 to 10 mph below the
posted speed.
Then allowing the speed to pick up and the
process is repeated. By applying the brakes
in this method there is time to allow the
brakes and the brake drums to cool to help
control heat buildup as well as to reduce the
chance of brake fade.
AUXILIARY BRAKING SYSTEMS
- Engine Brake
- Transmission Retarder
- Electromagnetic Driveline Brake
Engine brakes or transmission retarders
(Jake Brakes)
a safety feature used to
reduce the strain on the brake system by
using an alternate system to slow down.
The Jake Brake is not designed for use on
ice and very slippery conditions and may
cause the vehicle to lose control.
PARKING USING AIR BRAKES
Whenever you bring the vehicle to a total
stop with the transmission in neutral, you
must set the brake.
If you are on an incline, turn the steering
wheel towards the curb on a decline.
On an incline the wheels should be turned
away from the curb.
Chocks, rated for the vehicle size, must be
used while parking the apparatus.
FOLLOWING DISTANCE
Following distance is influenced by reaction
distance and braking distance for an
apparatus.
Other factors are the WEIGHT and
MECHANICAL CONDITION of the
emergency vehicle.
FOUR SECOND RULE
Four Second Rule - Keep a separation of at
least four seconds between the EV and the
vehicle being followed.
FOLLOWING DISTANCE IN
EMERGENCY MODE
Many operator’s reactions and
performance get worse under stress.
Motorist may react in unusual ways to
lights and sirens. If they stop abruptly,
the EV Operator will need as much
distance as possible to respond.
A greater following distance permits
the EV Operator to get “The Big
Picture” of the traffic situation.
CENTRIPETAL FORCE AND TURNS
Negotiating turns without tipping over is
related to centrepital force and center of
gravity.
CRITICAL SPEED OF A CURVE
The speed at which the vehicle will lose
control rounding a curve is called the critical
speed.
locking up the brakes results
in a loss of ability to negotiate a curve.
Changing Lanes
Changing directions too abruptly can cause
rollovers.
