Evidence for evolution

Question 1

what are the different examples of evidence for evolution

Answer 1

comparative anatomy, vestigial organs/structures, developmental biology/comparative embryology and biogeography

Question 2

structural morphology

Answer 2

the study of physical structures to establish relatedness

Question 3

comparative anatomy

Answer 3

comparing the anatomy between two species to determine if there are enough similarities to conclude that they came from a recent common ancestor, uses homologous and analogous structures

Question 4

common ancestor

Answer 4

any species/group that is ancestral to two or more other species

Question 5

homologous structures

Answer 5

characteriscs shared by a related species because they have been inherited in some way from a common ancestor

Question 6

homologous structures provide evidence of

Answer 6

diivergent evolution and a common ancestor

Question 7

divergent evolution

Answer 7

the process in which a common ancestor evolves into two or more descendent species

Question 8

analogous tyructures

Answer 8

features in different species that share the same function but different function

Question 9

what do analogous structures provide evidence of

Answer 9

covergent evolution, no common ancestor, that the species evolved independently but share similar function becauyse of siuimilarselection pressures

Question 10

convergent evolution

Answer 10

the process in which distantly related species evolve similar traits over time due to the action oof similar selection pressures

Question 11

vestigial organs/structures

Answer 11

organs/structures that have lost most or all of their usefulness as a result of evolution by natural selection

Question 12

developmental biology/comparative embryology

Answer 12

comparing different species at the embryo stage of development, assumes that diffrent species that share common features in the embryo stage have a recent common ancestor

Question 13

biogeography

Answer 13

the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals, shows evidence that island species may be more related to mainland species thgan other island species

Question 14

what caused continents to form

Answer 14

plate tectonics and continental drift

Question 15

geography of world through time

Answer 15

200 mya = pangea, then broke up to form laurasia and condwana, which then broke into australia, africa, india, south america and antarctica

Question 16

what are the different examples that provide evidence of relatdeness

Answer 16

molecular evidence (genome phylogeny, proteins, dna hybridisation, dna sequence, chromosome comparisons, mitchondiral dna) and the molecular/evolutionary clock

Question 17

molecular evidence is based on

Answer 17

the more similar the biochemical and genetic composition of organisms the more the realted they are. number of differences gives an indicator of the time since they shared a common ancestor , the more similar the dna, the less time for nucleotide differences to occur due to a mutation

Question 18

conserved genes

Answer 18

genes in a species that remain unchanged for many generations

Question 19

genome phylongeny

Answer 19

the similerity in the gonomeor base sequencing btween species can be used to determine relatdeness and used to form an evolutionary species

Question 20

bioinformatics

Answer 20

the construction, maintenance and use of data bases to analyse the realtionships in biological data

Question 21

when is comparing proteins used to determine relatedness of species

Answer 21

when the species are not closely related/diverged along time ago

Question 22

limitation of cooomparing proteins when determining relatedness

Answer 22

closely related speices are likely to share very similar sequences for certain proteins

Question 23

why are there always more differences when comparing dna in comparison to proteins

Answer 23

becayse dna has introns, silent mutations occur and the degenerate nature of the genetic code

Question 24

what is cyytochrome c

Answer 24

a protein involved in cellular respiration and is about 100 amino acids long, encoded for by mtDNA

Question 25

why is cytochrome c used when comparing proteins between species

Answer 25

there are only slight differences in the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c in most living creatures and this protein functions the same way for most species

Question 26

dna hybridisation

Answer 26

a method used to determine relatedness between species by joining/hybridising dna and testing how tigghtlu joined they are by measuring how much heat is required to seperate a hybrid dna strands from the two species

Question 27

what occurs in DNA hybridisation

Answer 27

dna is extracted from the two species and cut using restriction enzymes, the dna is then heated to make the dna into single strands, the dna is then cooled and hybrid strands are formed. the dna is then heated again and the temp at which the hybrid dna seperates is measured