Everything Before The Midterm Flashcards
Cognitive Theories
- focus on thoughts, beliefs, and schemas that underlie behaviours
The cognitive triangle
- Thoughts, Behavior, feelings
The cognitive Triad (Becks model of depression)
- negative view of self
- negative view of the world
- negative view of the future
Ellis Model
- It doesn’t really matter what happened, but it matters how you interpreted what happened.
- Negative event (A) = Rational Belief (B) = Healthy negative emotion (C)
Carl Rogers
- conditions of worth from society lead to feelings of inadequacy, conformity and emotional problems.
Social Learning Theory
- learn through observing others and imitation or modeling
Family Systems Paradigm
- focus on family as a unit rather then individuals
Freud thought that humans came into the world with 2 desires….
- Eros (sex)
- Thanatos (aggression)
Freud believed the mind was broken up into 3 parts….
- conscious awareness
- unconscious (repressed)
- Preconscious
Structure of the mind
1) ID
2) EGO
3) SUPEREGO
THE ID (Freud)
- immediate Gratification (I want it now)
- operates according to the pleasure principle
The Ego (Freud)
- planning and decision making functions, realizing that acting in pleasure is not the most effective way to maintaining life
The SUPEREGO (Freud)
- incorporate parental values as their own to enjoy parental approval and avoid disapproval
Objective Anxiety
- when one’s life is in jeopardy, one feels objective anxiety to danger in the external world
Neurotic Anxiety
- fear not connected to reality or to any real threat
Moral Anxiety
- Arises when the impulses of the superego punish an individual for not meeting expectations.
Operant Conditioning
- developed by B.F Skinner
- behaviour changes based on outcomes
- Reinforcement - increases behaviour
- Punishment - decreases behaviour
Freuds Psychosexual Stages (Oral)
- Birth to 18 months
- anything to do with mouth (eg. feeding)
Freuds Psychosexual Stages (Anal)
- 18 months - 3 years (Potty Training) if the stage is not well met you can become overly rigid (structure or no structure)
Freuds Psychosexual Stages (Phallic)
- 3-5 years
- discovery of genitals
- Freud believed child would have a crush on the opposite gender parent.
- start liking parent of same gender as a friend near end of stage
Freuds Psychosexual Stages (Latency)
- 6 thru adolescence
- focusing on friends, not interested in parents or boy / girl stuff)
Freuds Psychosexual Stages (Genital)
- adolescence thru adult
- navigating romantic/sexual relationships with the opposite sex as you are navigating school, work, etc
Biological Theories
- Similar to physical disease it’s the breakdown of some systems of the body.
Supernatural Theories
- divine intervention, curses, demonic, possession, and personal sin
Psychological Theories
- mental disorders, etc
Hippocrates believed….
- mental disturbances have natural causes (brain pathology)
3 categories of mental disorders….
1) Mania
2) Melancholia (depression)
3) Phrenitis (brain fever)
Healthy brain function depends on the balance of 4 humours…
1) blood
2) bile
3) phlegm
4) fire
Philppe Pinel (1745-1826)
- believed that people should be approached with compassion and dignity
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
- crusader for improved conditions for people with psychological disorders.
Albert Ellis
- People are prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world.
Behaviorism
- examined the role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior
What are the 2 assumptions of science?
- Determinism - events have determinable causes
- Empiricism - events must be observable and measurable.
Clinical Psychology
- uses science, theory, and practice to understand, predict and alleviate maladjustment and personal development
Psychology 4D’s
1) Dysfunction
2) distress
3) Deviance
4) Danger
Statistical Infrequency
- A behaviour that occurs rarely or infrequently
Psychopathology
- Is a field concerned with the nature and development of abnormal….
1) Affect
2) Behaviours
3) Cognitions
Biological Paradigm
- Is a theoretical framework in psychology and psychiatry that emphasizes the biological underpinnings of mental processes and behaviors.
