Everything after the midterm up to the final

Question 1

What are genetic characters?

Answer 1

Inherited qualities received from parental DNA.

PHYSICAL: Lead to specific shapes structures and colours.

BEHAVIORAL: Lead to neurochemical and endocrine differences.

Question 2

Genetic characters: Invariant?

Answer 2

The same in all individuals of a species.

(eg) All humans have 2 eyes and the same bones.

Question 3

Genetic characters: Variable?

Answer 3

May differ among individuals

(eg) Different colour eyes, height

Question 4

Who is Mendel?

Answer 4

The “Father of Genetics”

Monk in 1850
Worked with pea plants

*noted that genetic traits are passed on as distinct units from paternal gametes to offspring.

Question 5

Where are genetic characters found?

Answer 5

Genes

*Mendel called them “Heritable factors”

Question 6

What are alleles?

Answer 6

Different versions of a given gene

(eg) Pea plants cant have either purple or white flowers

Question 7

Homozygous?

Answer 7

Both alleles code for the same trait

**PP pp

Question 8

Heterozygous?

Answer 8

Both alleles are different

*mendel called it “hybrid”

**Pp

Question 9

Recessive alleles?

Answer 9

Are only expressed in the absence of dominant alleles

Use lower case “p”

Question 10

Genotype?

Answer 10

Specific combination of alleles for a particular gene.

Question 11

Phenotype?

Answer 11

Physical expression of the alleles.

Question 12

What are genes?

Answer 12

Stretches of DNA on chromosomes

Question 13

When do alleles separate?

Answer 13

If organisms sexually reproduce the two alleles will separate during meiosis

Question 14

What is “Law of segregation”?

Answer 14

Mendels law

-Gametes have an equal likelihood of passing on either allele for future generations regardless of dominance.

Question 15

What are punnett squares?

Answer 15

Used to predict genetic probabilities in future generations

Reveal potential offspring genotypes or phenotypes

Question 16

Pleiotropy?

Answer 16

1 gene affects multiple characteristics or traits

Question 17

Complete dominance

Answer 17

The dominant allele completely masks the effects of the recessive allele in heterozygous conditions

Question 18

Incomplete dominance

Answer 18

Neither allele is dominant

both alleles written in capitol letters (RW)

Heterozygote will express “intermediate phenotype”

(eg) a red plant RR and a white plant WW have a bady and its pink RW (neither red nor white)

Question 19

Codominance

Answer 19

Both alleles are dominant and show.

(eg) brown cow and white cow have a baby and its white with brown spots

Question 20

What are the 3 potential alleles for blood types?

Answer 20

IA= type A
IB= type B
i= type O

IA and IB are codominant and will both show if present.

IA and IB have complete dominance over i Where if IA or IB are present with i they will only show

Question 21

If someone has type O blood what is the symbol for it?

Answer 21

ii

Question 22

If someone has type A blood what is the symbol for it?

Answer 22

IAIA or IAi

Question 23

If someone has type B blood what is the symbol for it?

Answer 23

IBIB or IBi

Question 24

If someone has type AB blood what is the symbol for it?

Answer 24

IAIB

Question 25

Chromosomes 1-22 are called?

Answer 25

Autosomal chromosomes

Question 26

What kind of trait is colour blindness and what do the alleles look like?

Answer 26

Recessive sex-linked trait. XnXn or XnY

Question 27

What is a mosiac phenotype? dont need to know

Answer 27

something to do with cats having orange and black fur idfk

Question 28

What are polygenic traits and give me some examples of them?

Answer 28

Single traits governed by more than one gene. (eg) skin colour, eye colour, blood pressure, height.

Question 29

What is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 29

The allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another *the inheritance pattern of one gene will not impact the inheritance pattern of another

Question 30

When does independent assortment happen in meiosis?

Answer 30

Anaphase I

Question 31

2 Genes for _____ gametes?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

What is epistasis?

Answer 32

When 1 gene influences the expression of another (eg) lab puppies. B codes for Black, b codes for brown, E codes for colour.... Black lab would be B E, Brown lab = bbE, yellow lab __ee

Question 33

Who was Frederick Griffith?

Answer 33

In 1928 he researched and discovered the genetic role of DNA

Question 34

Who are Avery, McCarty and MacLeod?

Answer 34

In 1944 they pushed the idea the DNA was hereditary

Question 35

Who are Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase?

Answer 35

In 1950 they designed experiments showing that only 1 of the 2 viral genome components (protein and DNA) enters and E. coli cell during infection

Question 36

Who is Erwin Chargaff and what is his rule?

Answer 36

in 1950 he made the Chargaffs Rule which states : 1) The base composition of DNA varies between species. 2) In any species the # of A and T bases are equal and the # of G and C bases are equal

Question 37

What is DNA composed of?

Answer 37

A nucleic acid built from 2 parallel strands of nucleotide monomers. Each nucleotide has: 5-carbon sugar, Phosphase group, Nitrogenous base

Question 38

Who is Rosalind Franklin?

Answer 38

In 1952 she used X-ray Crystallography to produce images of DNA and determines its specific structure. Concluded 2 outer sugar-phosphate backbones and bases paired in the molecules interior. *James Watson &Francis Crick fucking duped her and took her image, made a model from it and discovered DNA subunits run antiparallel A with T and G with C

Question 39

Adenine binds with ____ and has how many H-bonds?

Answer 39

Thymine 2 H-bonds

Question 40

Guanine binds with ____ and has how many H-bonds?

Answer 40

Cytosine 3 H-bonds

Question 41

Nucleotides are join ___ to ____

Answer 41

5' - 3'

Question 42

The sugar of a nucleotide is covelently bonded to is phosphate group at the ____ carbon by a __________bone?

Answer 42

5th Phosphodiester bone

Question 43

A nucleotide bonded to the next nucleotide in the sequence at its ____ carbon?

Answer 43

3rd

Question 44

3 Steps of DNA replication?

Answer 44

1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination

Question 45

Tell me about the first step of DNA replication

Answer 45

Initiation -Starts at special sites called "ORIGINS OF REPLICATION" where 2 DNA strands are separated, opening up at "REPLICATION BUBBLE". -End of replication bubble is a "REPLICATION FORK" (Y shaped region) where the new DNA strands are elongated -At Fork an enzyme called "HELICASE" unzips the hydrogen bonds of the original strand -Single-stranded binding proteins bind to and stabilize single stranded template DNA. -Topoisomerase enzyme corrects any premature unwinding ahead of the replication fork.

Question 46

Tell me about the second phase of DNA replication?

Answer 46

Elongation (adds nucleotide to new strand -Enzyme PRIMASE lays down a DNA primer so DNA polymerase can start working -DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to template strand. *DNA polymerase works 5 - 3 (works in the direction away from the fork) = Lagging strand. *Synthesized in Okazaki fragments which first need primer -Each nucleotide added is a nucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) (ATCG) -

Question 47

Tell me about the third phase of DNA replication

Answer 47

Termination (