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BIOL 126 Physiological basis of life > Everything after the midterm up to the final > Flashcards

Everything after the midterm up to the final Flashcards

1
Q

What are genetic characters?

A

Inherited qualities received from parental DNA.

PHYSICAL: Lead to specific shapes structures and colours.

BEHAVIORAL: Lead to neurochemical and endocrine differences.

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2
Q

Genetic characters: Invariant?

A

The same in all individuals of a species.

(eg) All humans have 2 eyes and the same bones.

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3
Q

Genetic characters: Variable?

A

May differ among individuals

(eg) Different colour eyes, height

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4
Q

Who is Mendel?

A

The “Father of Genetics”

Monk in 1850
Worked with pea plants

*noted that genetic traits are passed on as distinct units from paternal gametes to offspring.

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5
Q

Where are genetic characters found?

A

Genes

*Mendel called them “Heritable factors”

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6
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a given gene

(eg) Pea plants cant have either purple or white flowers

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7
Q

Homozygous?

A

Both alleles code for the same trait

**PP pp

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8
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Both alleles are different

*mendel called it “hybrid”

**Pp

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9
Q

Recessive alleles?

A

Are only expressed in the absence of dominant alleles

Use lower case “p”

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10
Q

Genotype?

A

Specific combination of alleles for a particular gene.

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11
Q

Phenotype?

A

Physical expression of the alleles.

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12
Q

What are genes?

A

Stretches of DNA on chromosomes

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13
Q

When do alleles separate?

A

If organisms sexually reproduce the two alleles will separate during meiosis

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14
Q

What is “Law of segregation”?

A

Mendels law

-Gametes have an equal likelihood of passing on either allele for future generations regardless of dominance.

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15
Q

What are punnett squares?

A

Used to predict genetic probabilities in future generations

Reveal potential offspring genotypes or phenotypes

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16
Q

Pleiotropy?

A

1 gene affects multiple characteristics or traits

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17
Q

Complete dominance

A

The dominant allele completely masks the effects of the recessive allele in heterozygous conditions

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18
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is dominant

both alleles written in capitol letters (RW)

Heterozygote will express “intermediate phenotype”

(eg) a red plant RR and a white plant WW have a bady and its pink RW (neither red nor white)

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19
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are dominant and show.

(eg) brown cow and white cow have a baby and its white with brown spots

20
Q

What are the 3 potential alleles for blood types?

A

IA= type A
IB= type B
i= type O

IA and IB are codominant and will both show if present.

IA and IB have complete dominance over i Where if IA or IB are present with i they will only show

21
Q

If someone has type O blood what is the symbol for it?

A

ii

22
Q

If someone has type A blood what is the symbol for it?

A

IAIA or IAi

23
Q

If someone has type B blood what is the symbol for it?

A

IBIB or IBi

24
Q

If someone has type AB blood what is the symbol for it?

A

IAIB

25
Q

Chromosomes 1-22 are called?

A

Autosomal chromosomes

26
Q

What kind of trait is colour blindness and what do the alleles look like?

A

Recessive sex-linked trait.

XnXn or XnY

27
Q

What is a mosiac phenotype?

dont need to know

A

something to do with cats having orange and black fur idfk

28
Q

What are polygenic traits and give me some examples of them?

A

Single traits governed by more than one gene.

(eg) skin colour, eye colour, blood pressure, height.

29
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

The allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another

*the inheritance pattern of one gene will not impact the inheritance pattern of another

30
Q

When does independent assortment happen in meiosis?

A

Anaphase I

31
Q

2 Genes for _____ gametes?

A

4

32
Q

What is epistasis?

A

When 1 gene influences the expression of another

(eg) lab puppies. B codes for Black, b codes for brown, E codes for colour…. Black lab would be B E, Brown lab = bbE, yellow lab __ee

33
Q

Who was Frederick Griffith?

A

In 1928 he researched and discovered the genetic role of DNA

34
Q

Who are Avery, McCarty and MacLeod?

A

In 1944 they pushed the idea the DNA was hereditary

35
Q

Who are Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase?

A

In 1950 they designed experiments showing that only 1 of the 2 viral genome components (protein and DNA) enters and E. coli cell during infection

36
Q

Who is Erwin Chargaff and what is his rule?

A

in 1950 he made the Chargaffs Rule which states :

1) The base composition of DNA varies between species.

2) In any species the # of A and T bases are equal and the # of G and C bases are equal

37
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

A nucleic acid built from 2 parallel strands of nucleotide monomers.

Each nucleotide has: 5-carbon sugar, Phosphase group, Nitrogenous base

38
Q

Who is Rosalind Franklin?

A

In 1952 she used X-ray Crystallography to produce images of DNA and determines its specific structure.

Concluded 2 outer sugar-phosphate backbones and bases paired in the molecules interior.

*James Watson &Francis Crick fucking duped her and took her image, made a model from it and discovered DNA subunits run antiparallel A with T and G with C

39
Q

Adenine binds with ____ and has how many H-bonds?

A

Thymine

2 H-bonds

40
Q

Guanine binds with ____ and has how many H-bonds?

A

Cytosine

3 H-bonds

41
Q

Nucleotides are join ___ to ____

A

5’ - 3’

42
Q

The sugar of a nucleotide is covelently bonded to is phosphate group at the ____ carbon by a __________bone?

A

5th

Phosphodiester bone

43
Q

A nucleotide bonded to the next nucleotide in the sequence at its ____ carbon?

A

3rd

44
Q

3 Steps of DNA replication?

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

45
Q

Tell me about the first step of DNA replication

A

Initiation

-Starts at special sites called “ORIGINS OF REPLICATION” where 2 DNA strands are separated, opening up at “REPLICATION BUBBLE”.

-End of replication bubble is a “REPLICATION FORK” (Y shaped region) where the new DNA strands are elongated

-At Fork an enzyme called “HELICASE” unzips the hydrogen bonds of the original strand

-Single-stranded binding proteins bind to and stabilize single stranded template DNA.

-Topoisomerase enzyme corrects any premature unwinding ahead of the replication fork.

46
Q

Tell me about the second phase of DNA replication?

A

Elongation (adds nucleotide to new strand

-Enzyme PRIMASE lays down a DNA primer so DNA polymerase can start working

-DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to template strand.

*DNA polymerase works 5 - 3 (works in the direction away from the fork) = Lagging strand. *Synthesized in Okazaki fragments which first need primer

-Each nucleotide added is a nucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) (ATCG)

-

47
Q

Tell me about the third phase of DNA replication

A

Termination (

BIOL 126 Physiological basis of life (5 decks)

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