Everything Flashcards
What is erosion?
the destruction of land
What is differential erosion?
when soft rock erodes faster then hard rock
Characteristics of a river in the mature stage?
~Relief is gently sloping
~Energy is reduced
~Rate of erosion is reduced
~Deposition starts taking place
Characteristics of a river in the youthful stage? xxxxx
~Steep relief
~High energy
~Erosion
Characteristics of a river in the old stage? xxxx
~Relief is flat
~Energy of a river is reduced again
~Minimal erosion
~River deposits its material before entering the sea
3 types of rainfall?
Relief
Frontal
Continental
What is a push factor?
A factor that pushes people away from migrating to a country
(forces a person to move)
What is a pull factor?
A factor that encourages people to migrate to a country
What is a barrier to migration?
Something that prevents someone from moving to a country
Name the 3 types of rocks and examples for each
Igneous: Basalt, granite
Metamorphic: quartzite, marble
Sedimentary: sandstone, limestone
Ireland’s climate:
1. what is it
2. Precipitation in east and west
3. Latitude
- Cool-temperate oceanic climate
- East- 700mm per year , West- 2,300mm per year
- 53 degrees north of the equator
Name the 4 plate boundary types and features found at each
~Divergent: volcanoes and mid-ocean ridges, e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
~Convergent: mountains and volcanos
e.g. Pacific Ring of Fire
~Transform: earthquakes and tsunamis
e.g. Sand Andreas Fault
~Collision: Mountains and earthquakes
e.g Mt. Everest ( Himalayas )
Features of an earthquake
~Focus: where the earthquake begins beneath the surface
~Epicentre: Point at the earths surface that is directly above the focus
~Fault: large crack in the earth’s surface
~Shock waves: spread out in circles from the focus
Ways to make a building earthquake proof
~re-enforce concrete with steel
~Rubber shock absorbers that absorb tremors
Nepal earthquake:
1. When
2. where
3. magnitude
- 25 April 2015
- Epicentre 80Km away from capital, Kathmandu
- 7.8 on moment magnitude scale
Social impacts of Nepal earthquake
~Nearly 9,000 dead, 17,000 injured
~Landslides occurred, affecting villages and parts of Kathmandu
~Electricity, water supplies and sewage supplies were affected
Economic impacts of Nepal Earthquake?
~9 Billion euro
~1 million children left with no schools to attend
~3.7 million people needed emergency aid, food, water, medical supplies and tents
Deforestation?
Process of cutting down or removing trees
Desertification?
Spreading of desert due to deforestation
Non-renewable resource, examples of this and where
Peat:
Raised bogs- midlands, Roscommon
Blanket bogs- West Coast, Mayo and Kerry
Example of mechanical weathering?
Freeze-thaw action:
-Occurs higher in mountains because of lapse rate
-Rainwater is trapped in cracks during the night and freezes
-The rock contracts during the day and causes the rainwater to weaken the rock
-Rock us weakened repeatedly and eventually broken off
Example of chemical weathering?
Carbonation:
rainwater falls and takes in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and creates weak carbonic acid.
Limestone contains calcium carbonate and is dissolved by this acid
Karst landscape:
1. What is it
2. Example
3. Features
- an area where soil cover has been removed and the rock is exposed to weathering
- The Burren, Co. Clare
- Cave, Stalactites ( c for ceiling), stalagmites (g for ground), pillars
Greenhouse effect:
1. What is it
2. How does it work
- the warming of the earths atmosphere caused by greenhouse gases.
- Sun’s solar energy penetrates earth’s atmosphere, warming up the earth’s surface.
The surface cools down at night, releasing the heat back into the air
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
How are hurricane’s formed
- Warm, moist air cools and condenses as it rises
- Air releases heat whilst condensing, which powers storm
- Storms join together and draw more water from the ocean, creating a hurricane
- Hurricane is carried around by winds and gets stronger
What is an antiquity?
Something old
e.g. castles, church
What are factors affecting settlement?
-Access to flat land
-Access to fertile soil (woodlands, river banks)
-Access to water source
How is an igneous rock formed?
-volcanic activity
-Granite- cools slowly over million of years and is intrusive (Forms inside the crust)
-basalt- cooled and solidified very quickly on the surface and is extrusive (Formed outside the crust)
How is a metamorphic rock formed?
Formed when igneous and sedimentary rocks are transformed from great heat OR pressure
Eg. Marble from limestone and quartzite from sandstone
How is a sedimentary rock formed?
Sediments of other rocks, plants and animals are deposited on sea, lake beds and land.
Layers build up of this material
compressed and cemented together over time.
What are the layers of soil?
-A Horizon (topsoil)
-B Horizon (subsoil)
-C Horizon (bedrock)
