Evaluating Moral Arguments Flashcards by nana Adusepoku

Strong Inductive Arugments

Gives probable support to the conculsion

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An arugments depend on its ______, not whether its true or not

Its form

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A bad argument

Fails to show its conculsion is worth believing & it gives no good reasoning for a claim

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Conclusion

Is the statement that is being supported by the other statements

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Conditional Arguments

Have at least one conditional premise(a premise in an if-then pattern)(If p, then q)

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Implicit Premise

When there is a logically gap between premise & conculsion, so readers fill in the blank (assume)

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Murder is wrong; a circle is not a square are examples of what?

A statement

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Deductive Arguments

Give logically conculsive support to their conculsion

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What is the structure(form) of affirming the consequent?

If p, then q

Therefore, p.

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What are the structure(forms) of arguments that are always Invalid?

Denying the antecedent
Affirming the consequent

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What is the structure(form) of a hypothetical syllogism?

If p, then q

If q, then r

Therefore, if p, then r

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For a statement to be accepted, it needs _______ ________ to back it up

Good Reasoning( The better the reasons the more likely to accept it)

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Through moral reasoing we determine what is _______ & _______

Right & Wrong

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What are the two parts of a conditional premise?

Antecedent
Consequent

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Hypothetical syllogism

Is a conditional 3-statment deductive arugment

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Implicit premise must always _____ in content with the author’s message & theme

Stay in content

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Arugmentation (the presentation of an argument)

Is when you present reasons why a particular assertion is true

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It is reasonable to suppose that, odds are, & chances are, are what type of indicators words?

Inductive arugment indicators

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Statement

is an assertion that something is true or false

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If Maria walks to work, then she will be late

She will not walk to work

Therefore, she will not be late….. is an example of what?

Denying the antecedent

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Arugment

Is a group of statements, where one statement is supported by the rest

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What is the form of Modus Ponens?

If p, then q

Therefore, q.

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If maria walks to work, then she will be late

She is walking to work

Therefore, she will be late… is an example of what?

Arugment’s structure

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Independent Premise

Supports a conculsion without relying on other premise

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Sound Arguments

Is a valid arugment with true premise

But there were no such indications... is an example of what?

Dependent Premise

Inductive Arguments

Offer only probable support for their conculsion

What is the form of denying the antecedent?

If p, then q. not p. Therefore, not q

Thus, So, It must be that, & as a result are what type of indicator words?

Conculsion Indicators

Valid Arguments

If the premise is true then, the conculsion is true

What is the form of Modus Tollens?

They deny the consequent so: If p, then q. not q. Therefore, not p.

Invalid arugments

Doesnt offer conculsive support for the conculsion

If Maria walks to work, then she will be late If she is late, she will be fired Therefore, if Maria walks to work, she will be fired... is what type of argument?

Hypothetical syllogism

Dependent Premise

Gives little or no support on its own & need assistance of another premise

It necessarily follows that & it must be the case that are what type of indicator words?

Deductive arguments indicators

All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore, socrates is mortal, is what type of argument?

Deductive Arguments

Probably, Likely, & in all probabilty are what type of indicator words?

Inductive arguments indicators

We use ___________ to figure out whether to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a statement

Use critical reasoning, accept/believe

Premise

The supporting statements in an arugment

Critical reason(Thinking)

Is careful, systematics evulation of statements or claims

Therefore, Consequently,& Hence, & itfollows that are what type of indicator words?

Conculsion Indicators

Inductive arguments can have a ______ premise & ______ conculsion

True Premise, False Conculsion

Indicator Words

Are terms that often appear in an argument & signal that a premise or conculsion is nearby

Cogent Argument

Is a strong argument with true premise

Weak Inductive argument

Doesnt give probable support ot the conculsion

If Maria walks to work, then she will be late She will be late Therefore, she will walk to work... is an example of what?

Affirming the consequent

Moral reasoning is _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ applied to ethics

Critcial Reasoning

Consequent

Part that follows "then"

What is an argument structure

If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.

Most reliable way to identify arugments is to look for the ________ first

The conculsion

If John killed bill in Self-Defense, he didnt commit murder. He did act in self-defense. Therefore, he didnt commit murder. What are the premise(s) and conculsion in this statement

Premises: 1. If John killed bill in self-defense, he didnt commit murder 2. He did act in self -defense Conclusion: Therefore, he didnt commit murder

Persuasion

Is to influence a person's opinion by any means like emotional appeal, deception, threat, etc

What re the common pattern in an argument?

Has at least one premise to support the conculsion

Argument Diagraming

When you break up whatever your reading into premise & conculsion & get rid of everything else

Because, since,For, Given that, due to the fact that are what type of Indicator words?

Premise Indicators

Any arugment that has a struture that is modus ponens, modus tollens, & hypothetical are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Valid

It logically follows that, Conclusively, & necessarily are what type of indicator words?

Deductive Arguments Indicators

Counterexample method

Based on the fact that its impossible for a valid argument to have a true premise & false conculsion, so end up making a twin arugment with the same structure to test its validity

A good argument

Shows its conculsion is worth believing & gives good reasons to accept a claim

Antecedent

Part that beigins with "if"

A good argument must be ____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_

Valid or Strong

For the reason that, the reason being, assuming that, & as indicated by are what type of Indicator words?

Premise Indicators

What are the two basic types of arguments

1. Deductive Arugments 2. Inductive Arugments

Almost all the men inn this college have high SAT scores. Therefore, Julio (a male student at this college) probably has high SAT scores , is what type of arugment

Inductive Argument