Evaluating Moral Arguments Flashcards
Strong Inductive Arugments
Gives probable support to the conculsion
An arugments depend on its ______, not whether its true or not
Its form
A bad argument
Fails to show its conculsion is worth believing & it gives no good reasoning for a claim
Conclusion
Is the statement that is being supported by the other statements
Conditional Arguments
Have at least one conditional premise(a premise in an if-then pattern)(If p, then q)
Implicit Premise
When there is a logically gap between premise & conculsion, so readers fill in the blank (assume)
Murder is wrong; a circle is not a square are examples of what?
A statement
Deductive Arguments
Give logically conculsive support to their conculsion
What is the structure(form) of affirming the consequent?
If p, then q
q.
Therefore, p.
What are the structure(forms) of arguments that are always Invalid?
- Denying the antecedent
- Affirming the consequent
What is the structure(form) of a hypothetical syllogism?
If p, then q
If q, then r
Therefore, if p, then r
For a statement to be accepted, it needs _______ ________ to back it up
Good Reasoning( The better the reasons the more likely to accept it)
Through moral reasoing we determine what is _______ & _______
Right & Wrong
What are the two parts of a conditional premise?
- Antecedent
- Consequent
Hypothetical syllogism
Is a conditional 3-statment deductive arugment
Implicit premise must always _____ in content with the author’s message & theme
Stay in content
Arugmentation (the presentation of an argument)
Is when you present reasons why a particular assertion is true
It is reasonable to suppose that, odds are, & chances are, are what type of indicators words?
Inductive arugment indicators
Statement
is an assertion that something is true or false
If Maria walks to work, then she will be late
She will not walk to work
Therefore, she will not be late….. is an example of what?
Denying the antecedent
Arugment
Is a group of statements, where one statement is supported by the rest
What is the form of Modus Ponens?
If p, then q
p.
Therefore, q.
If maria walks to work, then she will be late
She is walking to work
Therefore, she will be late… is an example of what?
Arugment’s structure
Independent Premise
Supports a conculsion without relying on other premise
Sound Arguments
Is a valid arugment with true premise
But there were no such indications… is an example of what?
Dependent Premise
Inductive Arguments
Offer only probable support for their conculsion
What is the form of denying the antecedent?
If p, then q.
not p.
Therefore, not q
Thus, So, It must be that, & as a result are what type of indicator words?
Conculsion Indicators
Valid Arguments
If the premise is true then, the conculsion is true
What is the form of Modus Tollens?
They deny the consequent so: If p, then q.
not q.
Therefore, not p.
Invalid arugments
Doesnt offer conculsive support for the conculsion
If Maria walks to work, then she will be late
If she is late, she will be fired
Therefore, if Maria walks to work, she will be fired… is what type of argument?
Hypothetical syllogism
Dependent Premise
Gives little or no support on its own & need assistance of another premise
It necessarily follows that & it must be the case that are what type of indicator words?
Deductive arguments indicators
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, socrates is mortal, is what type of argument?
Deductive Arguments
Probably, Likely, & in all probabilty are what type of indicator words?
Inductive arguments indicators
We use ___________ to figure out whether to _______/_______ a statement
Use critical reasoning, accept/believe
Premise
The supporting statements in an arugment
Critical reason(Thinking)
Is careful, systematics evulation of statements or claims
Therefore, Consequently,& Hence, & itfollows that are what type of indicator words?
Conculsion Indicators
Inductive arguments can have a ______ premise & ______ conculsion
True Premise, False Conculsion
Indicator Words
Are terms that often appear in an argument & signal that a premise or conculsion is nearby
Cogent Argument
Is a strong argument with true premise
Weak Inductive argument
Doesnt give probable support ot the conculsion
If Maria walks to work, then she will be late
She will be late
Therefore, she will walk to work… is an example of what?
Affirming the consequent
Moral reasoning is _______ _______ applied to ethics
Critcial Reasoning
Consequent
Part that follows “then”
What is an argument structure
If p, then q.
p.
Therefore, q.
Most reliable way to identify arugments is to look for the ________ first
The conculsion
If John killed bill in Self-Defense, he didnt commit murder. He did act in self-defense. Therefore, he didnt commit murder. What are the premise(s) and conculsion in this statement
Premises: 1. If John killed bill in self-defense, he didnt commit murder
- He did act in self -defense
Conclusion: Therefore, he didnt commit murder
Persuasion
Is to influence a person’s opinion by any means like emotional appeal, deception, threat, etc
What re the common pattern in an argument?
Has at least one premise to support the conculsion
Argument Diagraming
When you break up whatever your reading into premise & conculsion & get rid of everything else
Because, since,For, Given that, due to the fact that are what type of Indicator words?
Premise Indicators
Any arugment that has a struture that is modus ponens, modus tollens, & hypothetical are _______
Valid
It logically follows that, Conclusively, & necessarily are what type of indicator words?
Deductive Arguments Indicators
Counterexample method
Based on the fact that its impossible for a valid argument to have a true premise & false conculsion, so end up making a twin arugment with the same structure to test its validity
A good argument
Shows its conculsion is worth believing & gives good reasons to accept a claim
Antecedent
Part that beigins with “if”
A good argument must be ____ or ______
Valid or Strong
For the reason that, the reason being, assuming that, & as indicated by are what type of Indicator words?
Premise Indicators
What are the two basic types of arguments
- Deductive Arugments
- Inductive Arugments
Almost all the men inn this college have high SAT scores.
Therefore, Julio (a male student at this college) probably has high SAT scores , is what type of arugment
Inductive Argument
