Evaluating Arguments Flashcards
Unjustified projection definition
Offer alarm the public by projecting current trends into the future. I claim might be made and may continue eventually resulting in a larger problem this is similar to a slippery slope argument but without necessarily having a chain of argument with tenuous links instead the analysing making for granted that the chain will continue at the current rate.
Post hoc argument definition
It means after this. Refers to the assumption that if anything follows after this it was caused by this.
Circular argument
One that appears at 1st to offer useful information but nothing new is really establish this floor in reasoning is also known as a begging the question because despite appearances invoice the question rather than addressing it.
False dichotomy or restricting the options definition
Refers to 2 possibilities and is a type of reasoning put forward limited number of possibilities usually two from which the listener is invited to choose. sometimes one is made to seem particularly unattractive as yet there is the option the arguer wishes the listener to choose. if the listener does not think carefully enough to realise that the possibilities exist he or she may be misled in choosing the least unattracted of those offered
Consolation, arguing from one thing to another and unrelated conclusion definition
Refers to confusion over terms, specifically referring to 2 slightly different concepts as if they were exactly the same, such as poverty and deprivation, or intelligence and ability. They are used interchangeably in the muddled thoughts of the arguer, or have been deliberately confused to mislead the reader.
Problems with cause-and-effect definition.
Many arguments rest on the assumption that, if two factors are found to correlate, what has caused the other.
Reasoning from wrong actions definition
Come on top floor involving an attempt to justify around action because of this are committing one. Strictly speaking there are two variations. Number one. Latin phrase tu quoque means you too. This floor involves deflecting what might be sound criticism by accusing the critical other people have been guilty of the same fault. Number two. Two runs don’t make a right refers to the argument maintain that he or she is justified in committing one wrong act.
Confusing necessary and sufficient conditions definition
Necessary condition is one that is vital in order for something to happen. Sufficient condition is one that guarantees of the next step can follow.
Generalisation definition
A good claim based on evidence or experience but is too limited
Hasty generalisation definition.
It reaches conclusions too quickly based only on one example.
Sweeping generalisation definition
It’s made based on a stereotype of a limited number of cases.
Straw person/strawman definition
Refers to exaggerating a possible drawbacks of a proposed scheme or some less attractive attribute of some of its supporters and using this as a reason for dismissing the whole scheme without further examination
Ad hominem definition.
Meaning to the man in Latin it refers to criticising some relevant feature of the arguer so that the listener dismiss his or her argument without giving it serious consideration.
Slippery slope or thin end of the wedge definition
Misleading chain of argument usually involved describing the situation that is supposedly deteriorating or which will deteriorate in an alarming manner if the first stage is allowed to occur. One or more links in the chain the argument makes a generalisation that may not be justified.
