EV Advanced Flashcards
- Are there any problems with the Enterprise Value formula you just gave me?
Yes – it’s too simple. There are lots of other things you need to add into the formula with
real companies:
• Net Operating Losses – Should be valued and arguably added in, similar to cash.
• Long-Term Investments – These should be counted, similar to cash.
• Equity Investments – Any investments in other companies should also be added
in, similar to cash (though they might be discounted).
• Capital Leases – Like debt, these have interest payments – so they should be
added in like debt.
• (Some) Operating Leases – Sometimes you need to convert operating leases to
capital leases and add them as well.
• Unfunded Pension Obligations – Sometimes these are counted as debt as well.
So a more “correct” formula would be Enterprise Value = Equity Value – Cash + Debt +
Preferred Stock + Noncontrolling Interest – NOLs – LT and Equity Investments + Capital
Leases + Unfunded Pension Obligations…
In interviews, usually you can get away with saying “Enterprise Value = Equity Value –
Cash + Debt + Preferred Stock + Noncontrolling Interest”
I mention this here because in more advanced interviews you might get questions on
this topic.
- Should you use the book value or market value of each item when calculating
Enterprise Value?
Technically, you should use market value for everything. In practice, however, you
usually use market value only for the Equity Value portion, because it’s almost
impossible to establish market values for the rest of the items in the formula – so you
just take the numbers from the company’s Balance Sheet.
- What percentage dilution in Equity Value is “too high?”
There’s no strict “rule” here but most bankers would say that anything over 10% is odd.
If your basic Equity Value is $100 million and the diluted Equity Value is $115 million,
you might want to check your calculations – it’s not necessarily wrong, but over 10%
dilution is unusual for most companies.
