European Industrial Revolution and its effects Flashcards
The shift from agricultural to industrial was known as the
industrial revolution
What are the 3 major characteristics associated with industrialization?
- substitution of machines for human skill. 2. Substitution of Inanimate to animate sources of power (engines for conducting heat for work. Ex: car engine for horse) 3. use of new and abundant sources instead of raw materials (coal instead of wood)
When does the industrial revolution start in Brittian?
1760-70
By 1850, Brittian is known as the _________ of the world.
workshop
For the rest of Europe (besides Britain), when does the industrial revolution start?
1800
Does the industrialization of Japan happen before or after the industialization of Britain?
After, Britain started in 1760-70, and Japan not until the later 1800s.
_____ of the globe was supplied with cotton from England.
2/3
What were 2 social consequences of industrialization?
- places were being polluted
- quality of things went down
Before industrialization, the economy was mostly ______
agrarian
Before industrialization, the economy was made up of about _____% agriculture.
90%
Most companies used the ________ system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others (one person makes cotton thread, another person sews the shirt, new person sells the finished shirt).
putting-out system
Before industrialization, ________ was on the rise, and was fastest in England and Wales.
population growth
During the British ________ , an increase in agricultural productivity was seen in Great Britain which helped drive the Industrial Revolution.
Agricultural Revolution
The process by which English landloards take common land (which anyone could hunt or fish or do anything on), buy it, and then make it privately owned.
Enclosure
Why was enclosure so bad for many people? How did this effect the industrial revolution?
Some people made their money by hunting or fishing on these common lands, and when these lands were made private, the no longer had a job. They had to move and find wage labor jobs. These people became the labor force supporting industrialization.
What big things were happening in Britian before industrialization that became preconditions for industrialization?
Political stability (not really there in the rest of Europe because of the glorious revolution)
- market stability
- protestantism and capitalism
- good financial system
- coal and iron ore deposits
Britain had political stability but it was not really seen in the rest of Europe because of the _________.
Industrial Revolution
Why was there market stability in Britain?
Stable open market with no tarrif barriers
Why was the financial system stable in Britain?
The Bank of England. investing was safe.
How did coal and iron ore deposits help prepare Britain for the industrial revolution?
Britain had alot of these deposits because of their landscape. They help build and power the machines.
The Division of Labor was associated with _______.
Adam Smith
What book by Adam Smith talks about the division of labor and wealth of nations?
Wealth of Nations, 1776
What example does Adam Smith give in his book, Wealth of Nations?
making pins for sewing. All different people have different jobs to make this tiny pin. (About 18 different people in the division of labor)
What did Adam Smith say about the system used to make the pin?
The system allows you to make more pins, but labor is less skilled, and you can pay people less because they are less skilled.
What are the 5 new innovations that spur industrialization in the west?
- Mass production through the division of labor
- mechanization
- iron industry
- the steam engine
- electric telegraph
Did Adam smith think mass production was good or bad? why?
good because it helps the economy move along
Another example of an item that was mass produced because of the division of labor was ________. During the production of this item, everything was down to a science. Everyone is timed and perfect. It was cheap, not unique, but more people could afford it.
Wedgewood pottery
What happened because of the mass production of wedgewood pottery?
many traditional potters were put out of work
What were some improvements, drawbacks of division of labor?
good -more efficient
good- more women get jobs
bad -more children work, no child labor laws
bad - paid very little
_____ is the use of machines to do work previously done by hand.
mechanization
An example of the improvement of cotton textiles was the ________; a machine the made thread much faster than the spinning wheel.
spinning jenny
What were the consequences of machines such as the spinning jenny?
all of the people that worked making thread in the cottage are out of a job
Prior to the 18th century, the ____ that people could make in europe wasnt strong enough, it was too spongy.
iron
______ in Britain was better than coal. It allowed for the making of things like guns, railroads, things with interchangeable parts, ect. (iron)
coke smelting
Setting this period apart into a distinctive new area, the _____ was invented in the early 18th century and applied in the 19th century in boats and railroads.
steam engine
Steamboats and steam locomotives had a significant effect on the ________, allowing goods and people to be transported much easier and faster.
US frontier
What were 3 major impacts of railroads?
employment
social change
support of industrialization
How does the railroad effect social change?
1) it makes the world smaller, connects people in a way that couldn’t be done before. 2)Changes the way they think about time. (railroads have to be on schedule. People didn’t think in terms of “it starts at 9, be there at 9”).
3) It also introduces the idea of suburbs. People can now work outside the city and commute.
4) Vacations are also made possible for people other than just the wealthy.
How does the railroad support industrialization?
goods can be moved around much easier. It pushes the frontier west.
The _____ caused a great change in communication, allowing for a lot more communication between people.
electric telegraph
What were the 5 impacts of industrialization?
-urbanization
-urban problems
-disease
-working conditions
psychological changes
Enclosure draws people to cities. Industry grows, more people are needed. This causes ______.
urbanization
One down side of urbanization was that because the cities grew so fast, there were no such thing as zoning laws or urban planning. What does this create?
- bad living conditions
- overcrowding
- unsanitization
- food deserts
- tenenement housing
Describe the tenement housing conditions
bad ventilation. They were designed to hold a lot of people but they were built fast, not well. tended to be dirty, unstable, fire hazards. No city water or sewer. They used chamber pots and dumped it out of windows. People would keep pigs and chickens in the houses. There was also industrial runoff and chemicals were getting in the houses.
Disease was often caused by ________.
sewage in water
The average life expectancy during the industrialization was _____. In Manchester it was even worse, with the average life expectacy being ______.
40, 24
_______ was a disease caused by not getting enough exposure to the sun.
rickets
People started to get fed up with the working conditions, and called for a change in zoning laws and housing changes. It took ____ years to see these changes.
100
The __________ was due to the boring work. People felt no ownership or pride in what they were doing. Humans were becoming machines or cogs on the machines they work on; losing their selves.
mechanization of humankind
Who owns means of production? what effect does this have on the people?
the guy who owns the company, who pays you, and who also owns the machines. People have no connection to their work.
There was a change in individual wage. Instead of how many spools, you are paid by the hour. Only that worker gets that wage. No more_____ where everyone gets paid together.
family labor
How do Belgium, France, western German states, and the US get into industrialization?
they copy British mechanization, especially textiles, and learn from the mistakes of Britain.
Adam Smith, on the _______ (one of the major debates of the time) says that there should be no tarrif barriers, no taxes on goods from other countries, and if you let people buy what they want to buy, everyone’s economy will grow.
Question of Free Trade
The German ______ was a free trade area.
zollverein
in the German Zollverein, Prussia, Saxony, and others could trade ________.
without additional tax.
How did the German Zollverein help their economies?
Outside of this area there were taxes. It helped those economies grow.
There was a slower change in _____, because of their dependance on luxury trades such as lace, wine, and cheese, which caused them to be slow at industrialization.
France
What was the effect on European balance of power?
Divisions were created by industrialization
What were the 2 divisions created because of European industrialization?
- East vs West (favor of western europe, they make more money and grow quicker)
- East vs World (uses guns that have a massive advantage: have removable parts, no smoke, can be made faster)
- Gaps with European society
What were the gaps within European society created during the industrialization of Europe?
- Old land classes vs. new factory owners (old elites challenged by new elites)
- Property owners vs wage earners (own everything, no work/own nothing, work for everything)
- Town vs cities (tensions between rural and city, Especially in France)
- gender gap - (man is usually the one going to work. domestic work is tied to women during this time).
Why did Belgium, France, western German states, and the US start to tax British goods?
So that their people would buy locally and help their own economy.
Which part of Europe say more growth and power?
West
What are the global consequences about the world becoming industrialized?
labor like that during that time is still seen in the world today in countries that don’t have good labor laws. places l
puget webber wrote a book called ________, which was about when paris tried to take over peasant identity.
peasants into frenchmen
