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biologie > eukaryotní buňky > Flashcards

eukaryotní buňky Flashcards

1
Q

bunecna stena v rostlinnývh bunkach

A

z celulozy, v bunkach hub z chitinu

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2
Q

bunecna stena v zivocisnych bunkach

A

bez bunecne steny

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3
Q

bunecna stena je propustna/nepropustna/polopropustba

A

propustna (permeabilní)

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4
Q

impregnace

A

organicke latky

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5
Q

inkrustace

A

anorganicke latky

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6
Q

jak se rika diry v bunecne stene

A

plazmodezmy

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7
Q

k cemu jsou plazmodezmy

A

umoznuji komunikcai - proudeni vody, projdou molekuly, minerali -> bunecna stena zcela propustna

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8
Q

plazmaticka membrana je v rostlinnnych/zivocisnych

A

v rostlinných i zivocisnych

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9
Q

je plazmaticka membrana propustna/nepropustna/polopropustna

A

polopropustna ( semipermeabilní)

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10
Q

stavba plazmaticke membrany

A

velke casti bilkovin, dvpuvrstva fosfolipidů - kulicka z ni dve carka, nozicky rad k sobe

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11
Q

z ceho se sklada plazmaticka membrana

A

z bilkovin a fofolipidu

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12
Q

k cemu je plazmaticka membrana

A

bilkovina pohlti latku a propusti ji dovnitr nebo ven

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13
Q

zbusoby dostavani latek do bunky

A

fagocytoza, pinocytoza

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14
Q

fagocytoza

A

=pohlcovaní, latka ktera se dostava dovnitr pevna

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15
Q

pinocytoza

A

=bunecne piti, latka ktera se dostava dovnitr je tekuta

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16
Q

jak se jinak rika pravemu jadru

A

nucleus

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17
Q

stavba praveho jadra

A

jaderko, chromatin - oblkopuje jaderko, vnitrni a vnejsi jaderna membrana , jaderny obal, jaderne pory - v jadernem obalu

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18
Q

co je v jaderku v pravem jadru

A

v jaderku je DNA - chromozomy

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19
Q

jak se rika cytoskeletu

A

kostra bunky

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20
Q

co je to cytoskelet

A

soustava trubicek, tycinke a pevnych vlaken, ktere udrzuji tvar bunky

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21
Q

trubicky v cytoskeletu

A

mikrotubuly

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22
Q

pevna vlakna v cytoskeletu

A

mikrofilamenty

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23
Q

jaky je rozdil mezo mikrotubulami a mikrofilamenty

A

mikrotubuli jsou vetsi a silnejsi, mikrofilamenty jsou pruzne

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24
Q

k cemu je centriola

A

vytvari mikrofilamenta na ne se pozdeji upinaji chromozomy pri deleni jadra, je dulezita pri deleni jadra

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25
Q

dva typy endoplazmatickeho retikulum

A

drsne a hladke

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26
Q

drsne endoplazmaticke retikulum

A

s navazanymi ribozoy - tvorba bilkovin

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27
Q

hladke endoplazmaticke retikulum

A

tvorba ( synteza) cukru a tuku

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28
Q

rozdil mezi hladkym a drsnym endoplazmatickym retikulum

A

drsne je bliz k jadru bunky a je ,, rovne vic usporadane,,

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29
Q

k cemu je Golgiho system ( komplex)

A

dosyntetizovani organickych latek z endoplazmatickeho retukulum

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30
Q

lybozomy jsou v rostlinnych/zivocisnych/oboh

A

v zovocisnych

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31
Q

co obsahuji lybozomy

A

obsahuji travcici enzymy - zajistuji heterotrofni vyzivu zivocisnych bunek

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32
Q

jak vznikaji lybozomy

A

fagocytoza + potravni vakuola, vypoustene latky z golgiho systemu

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33
Q

co obsahuje rostkinna vakuola

A

obsahuje bunecnou stavu

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34
Q

co je toroplast

A

oba lvakuoly

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35
Q

k cemu je rostlinna vakuola

A

kdyz bunka strada vody, vyuziva vodu z vaukoly , barviva

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36
Q

k cemu je mitochondrie

A

zajistuji bunecne dychani

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37
Q

co jsou mitochondrie

A

semiautonomni organely - puvodne bakterie/sinice - vlastni DNA

38
Q

stavna mitochondire

A

dna, ribozom, vnitrni hmota matrix, zvrasneni kisty, vnejsi membrana, vnitrni membrana - zvrasnei

39
Q

jake organely jsou plsatidy

A

semiautonomni

40
Q

jake jsou typy platidu

A

leukoplaty, chloroplasty, chromoplasty

41
Q

leukoplatsy

A

obsahuji skrob - napriklad brambory

42
Q

chromoplaty

A

obsahuji karoteny a xantofyly, barviva- cerveny,oranzova, modra, fialova, kvety, plody

43
Q

co obsahuji chloroplasty

A

obsahuji chlorofyl

44
Q

stavna chloroplastu

A

tylakoid, granum - sloupec tylakoidu, vnitrni a vnejsi membrana , stroma ( hmota)

45
Q

co je cytoplazma

A

hmota

46
Q

cytoplazma je stale v pohybu/ klidu

A

je stale v pohybu

47
Q

barvomena listu

A

vsechny typy plastidy, ochlazenei- chloroplast se rozpada

48
Q

k cemu jsou rasinky a biciky

A

slouzi k pohybu

49
Q

bicik

A

zakotven v bazalni desticce, vyvyji taznou nebo tlacnou silu, spotreba energie

50
Q

rasinka/brvy

A

spoustu, vlni se prichyceni bunky

51
Q

transkripce

A

DNA->mRNA

52
Q

jake jsou dusikate baze

A

adenin, thymin, citosin, guanin

53
Q

v mRNA je v dusikate bazi misto thyminu

A

uracium

54
Q

trojice nukleotidu

A

triplet = kodon

55
Q

proces vyroby bilkovin

A

proteosynteza

56
Q

zakladni kameny proteiu

A

aminokyseliny

57
Q

bilkovina ktera je obsazena napriklad v chlupech a vlsech

A

keratin

58
Q

translace

A

faze vyroby bilkovin, ktera prepisuje kod z mRNA do syntetizovanych proteinu

59
Q

hemoglobin

A

bilkovina ktera roznasi kyslik v tele

60
Q

ribozom

A

organela v bunce ktera se sklada ze dvou podjednptek. vyrabi proein

61
Q

bilkovina jinym slovem

A

protei

62
Q

cast bunky ve kter dochazi k transkripci

A

jadro

63
Q

obklopuje jadro bunky

A

endoplazma

64
Q

komplemetratita

A

3 konec a 5 konec

65
Q

jake dusikate baze se k sobe paruji

A

adenin a thymin, citosin a guanin

66
Q

retezce v DNA jsou k sobe

A

antiparalelni

67
Q

stejna chromozomova vybava co je stejne

A

stejne rozmry, pocet, obsah genu

68
Q

pary chromozomu jsou

A

v paru jsou chromozomy stejne pary se od sebe ale lisi

69
Q

chromozomy u lidi

A

23 paru a u kazdeho cloveka stejne

70
Q

stavba chromozomu

A

chromatidy, mikrotubuly, centroméra

71
Q

co je mitoza

A

specificke deleni jadra, zajistujici presne rpzdeleni jaderne hmotyu

72
Q

jakych bunek probiha mitoza

A

u diploidnich bunek

73
Q

co jsou sematicke bunky

A

diploidni, vsechny bunky v tele

74
Q

co jsou pohlavni bunky

A

haploidni, z kazdeho paru chromozomu pouze jeden

75
Q

co zajistuje mitoza

A

zajistuje obnobu nekterych bunke a rust

76
Q

jake jso faze mitozy

A

profaze, metafaze, anafaze,telofaze

77
Q

po deleni mitozou je pocet chromozomu

A

u noveho jadra pouze jedna chromatida pidle ni se posyntetizuje druha

78
Q

co je cytokineze

A

vlastni deleni bunky

79
Q

co je karyokineze

A

rozpad jadra

80
Q

meioza jinym nazvem

A

redukcni deleni

81
Q

co zajistuje meioza

A

zajistuje snizeni diploidniho poctu chromozomu na haploidni ( pohlavni rozmnozeni)

82
Q

v jakych fazich probiha meiozy

A

1, faze = redukcni ( heterotypicke) dleni, 2. faze= ekvacni(homeotypicke) delení

83
Q

jake bunky vznikaji mieozou

A

vznikaji haploidni ( pohlavni) bunky

84
Q

co je to bivalent

A

par homologickych chromozomu

85
Q

crossing over

A

= rekombinacni deleni - pripojeni dvou paru chromozomu, vymena useku DNA v ramci bivalent

86
Q

v jake fazi dochazi k crossing over

A

v profazi mitozy ( redukcniho dleni) k nemu muze djit

87
Q

proc je crossing over

A

crosssing overem vznika nova kombincae vlastnosti - evoluce

88
Q

vysledkem meiozy je

A

4 bunky v kazde 23 chromatid, dotvori se chromozomy na 23 ( ne 46 jako u mitozy)

89
Q

bunecny cyklus

A

M faze, ( G0 faze), G1, S, G2,

90
Q

M faze

A

mitoza, cytokineze ( deleni cytoplazmy)

91
Q

G0 faze

A

pri nepriznivych podminkach zastavi se

92
Q

S faze

A

replikace DNA, synteticka faze - dodelani 2 chromatidy

biologie (6 decks)

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