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Biochem Weeks 1-2 > eukaryotic transcription > Flashcards

eukaryotic transcription Flashcards

1
Q

transcription factors (TFs) are …

A

the specific proteins that bind to distinct sites on the DNA within the core promoter region / close (proximal) / distance away (distal)

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2
Q

general transcription factors (GTFs) bind to …

A

the promoter region to activate transcription

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3
Q

specific transcription factors (STFs) in initiation bind to …

A

the enhancer region to activate transcription

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4
Q

primary transcript is the …

A

RNA molecule that is initially transcribed from the DNA sequence of a gene

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5
Q

hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) is a …

A

primary transcript synthesized in the nucleus by RNA polymerase II

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6
Q

TFs are required for …

A

assembly of a transcription initiation complex at the promoter

by identifying promoter & recruiting RNA poly II

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7
Q

each eukaryotic RNA poly has its own …

A

promoters and TFs that bind core promoter sequences

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8
Q

DNA access during eukaryotic transcription initiation occurs by …

A

chromatin structure decondensation

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9
Q

TFIID (transcription factor II D) functions to …

A

recognize and bind to the TATA box and other core promoter elements

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10
Q

eukaryotic primary transcripts undergo …

A

extensive post-transcriptional modifications to form mature RNA

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11
Q

6 mechanisms for regulating transcription in eukaryotes

A

regulatory elements

splicing

alternative splicing

mRNA editing

mRNA stability

RNAi

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12
Q

consensus sequences are the …

A

common nucleotide sequences found in highly conserved regions of DNA / RNA / proteins

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13
Q

proximal regulatory elements are …

A

consensus sequences 200 nucleotides upstream from the core promoter and includes CAAT and GC boxes

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14
Q

response elements are …

A

specific DNA sequences where STFs bind for regulating transcription

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15
Q

STFs (specific transcription factors) in regulation bind to …

A

the response elements to regulate frequency of transcription initiation by bending / looping DNA

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16
Q

introns are …

A

non-coding sequences of a gene

17
Q

exons are …

A

coding sequences of a gene -> become proteins

18
Q

enhancers are 1000 nucleotides away from promoter region, and reach RNA poly II at the promoter region by …

A

looping around

19
Q

enhancers are …

A

consensus sequences that (once bound by activators / TFs) increase the initiation of transcription by RNA poly II

20
Q

mediators are …

A

“activator” TFs that bind to enhancers and then can interact directly with / bind to initiation machinery at the promoter

21
Q

repressor TFs bind to the … region, and can then …

A

silencer region

deactivate / inhibit process of transcription

22
Q

the process of removal of introns from pre-mRNA in order to produce mature mRNA (with only exons) is called …

A

splicing

23
Q

splicing occurs when several enzymes form …

A

a lariat structure with the intron

24
Q

more than 20% of genetic diseases are caused by mutations affecting …

A

RNA splicing / mutations at splice sites

25
Q

a common disease caused by mutations in the TATA box or in splice sequences is …

A

thalassemia

26
Q

the advantage of alternative splicing is that …

A

it synthesizes a diverse set of proteins from a limited set of genes

ex. alternative splicing can for isoforms

27
Q

mRNA editing can occur by …

A

base modifications

ex. Apo-B100 in the liver
is shorter and actually Apo-B48 in the intestine

28
Q

if mRNA is stable in the cytosol / cytoplasm, then …

A

more proteins can continue to be synthesized

29
Q

when iron concentration in the cell is low, IRPs (iron regulatory proteins) bind …

A

to the 3’ IREs (iron responsive elements) and stabilize mRNA so that TfR synthesis occurs

TfR = transferrin receptors

30
Q

RNAi (RNA interference) is a mechanism of … that is mediated by …

A

gene silencing

miRNA (microRNA)

31
Q

RNAi (RNA interference) occurs by …

A

miRNA (microRNA) binding to targeted mRNA to prevent protein synthesis

->mRNA degraded by endonuclease

Biochem Weeks 1-2 (8 decks)

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