eukaryotic transcription Flashcards
transcription factors (TFs) are …
the specific proteins that bind to distinct sites on the DNA within the core promoter region / close (proximal) / distance away (distal)
general transcription factors (GTFs) bind to …
the promoter region to activate transcription
specific transcription factors (STFs) in initiation bind to …
the enhancer region to activate transcription
primary transcript is the …
RNA molecule that is initially transcribed from the DNA sequence of a gene
hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) is a …
primary transcript synthesized in the nucleus by RNA polymerase II
TFs are required for …
assembly of a transcription initiation complex at the promoter
by identifying promoter & recruiting RNA poly II
each eukaryotic RNA poly has its own …
promoters and TFs that bind core promoter sequences
DNA access during eukaryotic transcription initiation occurs by …
chromatin structure decondensation
TFIID (transcription factor II D) functions to …
recognize and bind to the TATA box and other core promoter elements
eukaryotic primary transcripts undergo …
extensive post-transcriptional modifications to form mature RNA
6 mechanisms for regulating transcription in eukaryotes
regulatory elements
splicing
alternative splicing
mRNA editing
mRNA stability
RNAi
consensus sequences are the …
common nucleotide sequences found in highly conserved regions of DNA / RNA / proteins
proximal regulatory elements are …
consensus sequences 200 nucleotides upstream from the core promoter and includes CAAT and GC boxes
response elements are …
specific DNA sequences where STFs bind for regulating transcription
STFs (specific transcription factors) in regulation bind to …
the response elements to regulate frequency of transcription initiation by bending / looping DNA
introns are …
non-coding sequences of a gene
exons are …
coding sequences of a gene -> become proteins
enhancers are 1000 nucleotides away from promoter region, and reach RNA poly II at the promoter region by …
looping around
enhancers are …
consensus sequences that (once bound by activators / TFs) increase the initiation of transcription by RNA poly II
mediators are …
“activator” TFs that bind to enhancers and then can interact directly with / bind to initiation machinery at the promoter
repressor TFs bind to the … region, and can then …
silencer region
deactivate / inhibit process of transcription
the process of removal of introns from pre-mRNA in order to produce mature mRNA (with only exons) is called …
splicing
splicing occurs when several enzymes form …
a lariat structure with the intron
more than 20% of genetic diseases are caused by mutations affecting …
RNA splicing / mutations at splice sites
