Eukaryotic cells (from power point)

Question 1

What are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

Cells that do have a nucleus

Question 2

What are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Cells that do not have a nucleus

Question 3

What is an organelle?

Answer 3

Structure within a cell which has a specific function e.g. nucleus, mitochondria

Question 4

Define ultrastructure?

Answer 4

Structure as seen using an electron microscope.

Question 5

What is a nucleus?

Answer 5

It contains DNA/ genetic infomation/ genome

Contains instructions for protein synthesis/ controls gene expression.

Question 6

What is a nucleolus?

Answer 6

Contains RNA

Makes ribosome

Question 7

What are ribosomes?

Answer 7

Made of 2 subunits
Protein synthesis
On RER for export, loose for proteins for cells use

Question 8

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

Systems of membranes that form fluid filled sacs (cisternae)

Question 9

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 9

Transports proteins via cisternae.

Question 10

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 10

Synthesise lipids, cholesterol + steroid hormones.

Question 11

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 11

Modifies proteins and then packages them into vesicles

Question 12

What are mitochondria?

Answer 12

Site of aerobic respiration.
Make ATP using glucose
Cells which need a lot of energy contain a lot of them, e.g. sperm cells.
They are self replicating, this means that the have their own DNA.

Question 13

What are lysosomes?

Answer 13

Contain lysozymes - powerful cell digesting enzyme.

Digests old organelles and foreign matter.

Question 14

In which cells would lysosomes be abundant?

Answer 14

White blood cells, so they can digest pathogens.

Question 15

What is the function of the lysosome membrane?

Answer 15

To keep the lysozymes separate from the rest of the cell, so it doesnt digest it.

Question 16

What are centrioles?

Answer 16

Found just outside the nucleus.

Form spindle fibres to move chromosomes during nuclear division.

Question 17

What is the structure of cillia and undulipodia?

Answer 17

Contain microtubules in a 9x2 pattern and are surrounded by cell surface membrane.

Question 18

What do cillia do?

Answer 18

Beat in co-ordinated movements to move substances. Some can contain receptors.

Question 19

What does undulipodium do?

Answer 19

Enable sperm cells to move.

Question 20

Describe a cell wall

Answer 20

Made of bundles of cellulose
Provides strength and support, maintains cells shape, contributes to structure and support of whole plant.
Permeable so substances can pass through them.

Question 21

Describe a chloroplast

Answer 21

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll stored in thylakoids which are stacked to form grana.

Question 22

Which organneles are NOT membrane bound?

Answer 22

Nucleolus, ribosomes, cell wall and centrioles.

Question 23

Why do some organelles have membranes around them?

Answer 23

Separates contents of organelle from the rest of the cell to form a discrete compartment.

Question 24

Why would a cell need lots of mitochondria?

Answer 24

If its a very active cell so it needs lots of ATP (energy) e.g. muscle and sperm.

Question 25

Why would a cell need lots of ribosomes?

Answer 25

Needs to produce lots of protein, e.g. some white blood cells, liver cells.

Question 26

Why would a cell need lots of lysosomes?

Answer 26

Needs lots of digestive enzymes, e.g. some white blood cells, secretory cells.

Question 27

Why would a cell need lots of ER and Golgi apparatus?

Answer 27

Needs to produce lots of carbohydrates, fats, protein e.g. liver cells, secretory cells.

Question 28

Why would a cell need lots of microvilli?

Answer 28

Increase surface area e.g. intestinal epitelial cell.