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AS OCR Biology > Animal Transport > Flashcards

Animal Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why don’t small animals need a circulatory system?

A

They can receive oxygen and nutrients from diffusion alone.

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2
Q

Why might animals need a complex circulatory system?

A

High metabolic rate
Large size
Small SA:Vol

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3
Q

What circulatory system can simpler smaller organisms use?

A

Open

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4
Q

What circulatory system do larger more active organisms use?

A

Closed

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5
Q

What is an open circulatory system ?( Insects)

A

The blood does not stay inside the blood vessels, but can leave and go into the body cavity. Blood in the body cavity re-enters the blood vessels through pores called ostia, where it is pumped by a single-chambered heart back into the body cavity.

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6
Q

What is an advantage of a closed circulatory system?

A

The blood stays inside the blood vessels at all times. This improves the speed at which oxygen and nutrients can reach all of the cells.

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7
Q

What is a single circulatory system ( fish)?

A

The blood goes through the heart once. The blood is pumped through a two- chambered heart, across the gills and around the body, and back to the heart.

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8
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

The blood goes through the heart twice. The blood goes through 2 chambers on the right side of the heart and then to the lungs to collect oxygen. The blood then returns to the left side of the heart and travels around the body and back to the right side of the heart.

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9
Q

What is an advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

This system allows the blood to travel at a lower pressure through the delicate capillaries of the lungs, and at a higher pressure once out of the lungs to get quickly around the body.

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10
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A

At the arteriole end of the capillary water moves out of the plasma and into the tissue fluid due to the overall pressure difference.

When water moves out of the blood plasma, it takes dissolved molecules with it. Large molecules, such as proteins, and erythrocytes are too large to move out of the capillary.

Neutrophils can move into the tissue fluid through the small gaps between the cells of the capillary endothelium.

At the venous end of the capillary, the water moves out of the tissue fluid and back into the plasma, again die to the overall pressure difference.

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11
Q

What leaves the tissue fluid and where does it go?

A

Excess water, excreted proteins and lipids leave the tissue fluid and flow into lymph vessels. This fluid forms the lymph.

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12
Q

What do lymph vessels contain?

A

Lymph vessels contain pores to allow the entry of large molecules, such as proteins. Lymphocytes can also be found in the lymph

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13
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container.

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14
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

The pressure created by the solutes.

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15
Q

What does blood contain?

A 
Erythrocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes
Large blood proteins
High oxygen
High glucose
High amino acids
Low carbon dioxide
Lipids
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16
Q

What are the components of tissue fluid?

A 
Neutrophils
Few excreted proteins
Low oxygen
Low glucose
Low amino acids
High carbon dioxide
Few lipids
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17
Q

What are the components of the lymph?

A 
Lymphocytes
Few excreted proteins
Low oxygen
Low glucose
Low amino acids
High carbon dioxide
Many lipids
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18
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels in the human body?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Cappilaries
Venules
Veins
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19
Q

Define lumen

A

The space inside the blood vessel where the blood flows

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20
Q

Define endothelium

A

The inside smooth layer of cells made of squamous endothelium.

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21
Q

What is the function of elastic fibres?

A

Allow blood vessels to recoil to its original size after being stretched or constricted.

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22
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Can contract to constrict or narrow the blood vessel.

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23
Q

What is the function of collagen fibres?

A

They allow the blood vessels to withstand the pressure of the blood.

24
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood.

25
Q

What are the properties of arteries?

A

Small lumen to maintain a high pressure.

Highly folded endothelium, so lumen can get wider as blood passed through.

Wall is very thick, to withstand the high pressure.

Elastic fibres recoil after being stretched by the flow of blood (the pulse).

26
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Arteries branch into smaller arterioles. These have a thick layer of smooth muscle that can be used to constrict the arteriole and divert blood away from an area.

27
Q

What are the properties of veins?

A

Wide lumen, as the blood pressure is much lower in the veins.

Presence of valves

Wall is very thin as it does not need to withstand high pressure.

Has a thin layer of elastic fibre as the veins do not stretch and recoil.

Flow is helped by the contration of the skeletal muscles.

28
Q

What are venules?

A

Veins branch into smaller venules. These have a thin layer of smooth muscle, elastic fibres and collagen fibres.

29
Q

What are the properties of cappilaries?

A

Consists of lumen and a layer of endothelium

Endothelial cells have small gaps between them to allow the movement of cells such as neutrophils into the tissues.

30
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood flow?

A

Into the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava

into the right atrium

through the atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle

out of the right side of the heart through the semi-lunar valves and into the pulmonary artery then into the lungs, where it is oxygenated.

31
Q

Where does oxygenated blood flow?

A

Back into the heart through the pulmonary vein

into the left atrium

through the atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle

out of the left side of the heart through the semi-lunar valves, into the aorta and around the body.

32
Q

Define cardiac

A

related to the heart

33
Q

Define pulmonary

A

related to the lungs

34
Q

What happens in a diastole?

A

Both the atria and the ventricles relax.

The pressure in the arteries is higher than the pressures in the ventricles, so the semi-lunar valves close.

Blood flows into the atria.

35
Q

What happens in an atrial systole?

A

Both of the atria contract at the same time.

The pressure inside the atria is higher than the pressure in the ventricles.

Blood flows through the open atrioventricular valves (AV valves) into the ventricles.

36
Q

What happens in a ventricular systole?

A

Both of the ventricules contract at the same time.

Pressure inside the ventricles is higher than pressure in the atria and the arteries leaving the heart, causing the AV valves to close and the semi-lunar valves in the arteries to open.

Blood leaves the heart.

37
Q

What is blood pressure measured with?

A

Sphygmomanometer

38
Q

What is the function of the sino-atrial node (SAN)?

A

Acts as the hearts natural pacemaker.

39
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The cells conduct electricity and can initiate their own contractions.

40
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

Top of the right atrium

41
Q

What causes the atria to contract?

A

The SAN sends out an electrical wave of excitation across both of the atria, causing them to contract at the same time.

42
Q

What causes the ventricles to contract?

A

At the top of the septum is the atrioventricular node (AVN). This sends the wave of excitation along the purknye tissue in the septum to the apex (bottom of the heart). This causes the ventricles to contract from the apex upwards.

43
Q

Why is there a sligh delay between the contractions of the atria and the ventricles?

A

To allow the atria to empty

44
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

A faster heart rate

45
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A slower heart rate

46
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

A heart attack

47
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin carries oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body.

48
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

A globular protein made of 4 subunits.

Each subunit contains an iron-containing haem group that can carry one molecule of oxygen (O2) .

49
Q

What is the equation for forming oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin + 4O2 Oxyhaemoglobin (Hb4O2)

50
Q

Why is the formation of oxyhaemoglobin a reversible reaction?

A

Haemoglobin will associate with O2 at high partial pressure of O2 and dissociate at low partial pressure of O2.

51
Q

What is the Bohr shift?

A

The Bohr shift moves the normal curve to the right. In actively respiring cells, more CO2 is released. This causes more H+ ions to be present in the red blood cells, and for more O2 to be released to the active tissues.

52
Q

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is carried in the red blood cells as hydrogen carbonate ions?

A

85%

53
Q

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is dissolved in the blood plasma?

A

5%

54
Q

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is carried by haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO2)

A

10%

55
Q

Describe how CO2 is carried in the blood by hydrogen carbonate ions?

A

1) CO2 diffuses into the RBC
2) Carbonic anhydrase enzyme forms H2CO3
3) H2CO3 breaks down
4) HCO3- diffuses out causing chloride shift
5) H+ causes Hb4O2 to release O2
6) O2 diffuses out of RBC

56
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

The HCO3- ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the blood plasma.
This unbalances the charge of the red blood cell so Cl- ions diffuse into it to readress the balance.

57
Q

Define affinity

A

The strength of binding to a substance.

AS OCR Biology (14 decks)

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