Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell structure > Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

Do eukaryotic cells make up multicellular or unicellular organisms?

A

Mylticellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give 3 examples of multicellular organisms that are composed of eukaryotic cells

A

animals,plants,fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm.True or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the cytoplasm composed of

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do chemical reactions take place in a cell

A

cytoplams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is cytosol made of?

A

salt,water and organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reaction that take place within each cell that makes up a living organism and that produce the energy for:
-vitral processes like respiration
-anabolic reactions
-catabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What to chemical reactions require to occur?

A

-enzyme
-specific conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Reactions that involve synthesis/building up of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Reactions that involve breaking down of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What organelles present in a plant cell aren’t present in an animal cell?

A

-large permanent vacuole(animals may have vacuoles but its small and temporary)
-cell wall
-chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organelles are present in an animal cell and are not present in a plant cell?

A

-centriole
-lysosome
-microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tell me similarities between plant cell and animal cells?

A

-both eukaryotic
-have cell-surface membrane
-have membrane-bound organelles
-have mitochondria
-have 80 S ribosomes,RER,SER,Golgi apparatus
-cilia
-cytoskeleton
-nucleus
-vesicles
-microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the roles of the cell-surface membrane?

A

-controls the exchange of materials between the external environment and the internal cell environment
-has receptor molecules which allow the cell to respond to chemicals like hormones
-hold the cell together(less important)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cell-surface membrane formed from?

A

phospholipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

give me a brief summary of what the phospholipid bilayer contains

A

-proteins that acts as carriers
-contains cholesterol that controls the fluidity of the membrane
-has phospholipids which help regulate the movement of substances in an dout of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How big is the cell surface diameter

A

10nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The cell-surface membrane is selectively permeable. True or false

A

False.It is partially permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is one disadvantage of cell-surface membrane

A

Its fragile,if water enters by osmosis the cell will burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the cell wall consist of in plants

A

cellulose-a complex polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of the cell wall

A

-provides mechanical strength to the cell
-shapes the cell
-acts as a defense mechanism,protecting the contents of the cell from invading pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is the cell wall present in both animals and plants

A

no only in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The cell wall is freely permeable.true or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What makes the cell wall rigid

A

The contents of the cell press against the cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the structure of the large permanent vacuole

A

It’s a fluid-filled sac ,surrounded by a single membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the membrane surroung the vacuole called

A

tonoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the fluid within the vacuole called

A

cell sap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does cell sap consist of

A

dissolved sugars,mineral ions and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the large permanent vacuole

A

it maintains the turgidity of a plant cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does the vacuole maintain the turgidity of a plant cell

A

Within the cell sap,there is low water potential as it contains sugars,mineral ions and amino acids.
This means that water moves into the plant by osmosis and into the vacuole
This created a high hydrostatic pressure which acts outwards
It causes the cytoplasm to press against the cell wall,maintaining the plant turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is mitochondria membrane-bound organelle

A

yes,its surrounded by a double membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is the tonoplast selectively permeable(some small molecules can enter others cant)

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

–site of aerobic respiration and ATP production
(the ATP is the product of aerobic respiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the double membrane consist of ?

A

-inner membrane
outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The inner membrane doesnt fold.True or false

A

False.The inner membrane is highly folded to make cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are cristae ?

A

folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Whats the role of the cristae

A

increase the SA for aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How can mitochondria reproduce themself

A

They have their own 70S ribsomes and their own mt DNA(mitochondrial DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

IS the mitochondria DNA circular or linear

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the matrix

A

the fluid interior of the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where in the mitochondria are the ribosomes and mt DNA located

A

the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where are the enzymes required for aerobic respiration located in the mitochondria

A

the inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where in the plant are chloroplasts located

A

the steam and leaves,not the roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tell me similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria

A

-both hav ea double mebrane
-have 70S ribosomes
-have their own DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Whats the function of chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

-light independednt stage(calvin cycle)
-light dependednt stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where are the DNA and ribosomes located in a chloroplast

A

the stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Are chloroplast bigger or smaller than mitochondria

A

Bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Is the DNA in the chloroplast circular or linear

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

can chloroplast make their own protein

A

yes they have their own dna and 70S ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the double membrane divided into

A

-inner membrane
-outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Whats the role of the inner membrane

A

provides a large sa for photosynthesis

44
Q

what happens in the stroma

A

the light-independent reactions

44
Q

what is the fluid enclosed in the chloroplast called

A

stroma

45
Q

why is the relevant that the light-independent reaction takes place in the stroma

A

the stroma does not contain chlorophyll,required for the light-dependent reaction

46
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction take place and why

A

the grana,because they contain the pigment chlorophyll

47
Q

How does the grana form

A

It forms from a stack of thylakoids/thylakoid membranes

48
Q

what are thylakoids

A

flattened scas

49
Q

how ar eteh grana linked together

A

through ‘lamellae’

50
Q

What is the structure of a vesicle

A

it is a fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm that is surrounded by a mebrane

50
Q

what is the lamellae made of

A

thin,flat thylakoid membranes

51
Q

what is the lamellae

A

membrane that connnect the grana to each other

52
Q

what is the role of vesicles

A

they transport substances in and out the cell,including between organelles(transport happened within a cell)

53
Q

What is the role of a lysosome

A

-breaks down worn out organelles of the cell
-used in apoptosis
-used by the immune system to engulf and kill/digest pathogens

53
Q

what is a lysosome

A

it is a special type of vesicle that contains digestive enzymes, for breaking down waste material ,called hydrolytic enzymes in it’s membrane

54
Q

why is the membrane surrounding the lysosome so important

A

-the membrane compartmentalises the enzymes away from the cell structures
Thus it protect the structures of the cell from being damaged by the hydrolytic enzymes activity

54
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

55
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis and translocation

55
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

They are made from alpha and beta tubulin dimers which arrange themself in protofilaments which then make up microtubules

55
Q

What are centrioles made of

A

microtubules

56
Q

What is the function of microtubules

A

-form spindle fibres this facicliate cell division
-form centrioles
-form cillia and flagella thus faciliate cell movement
-make up the cytoskeleton thus facilitate the transport of substances with a cell

57
Q

What is the function of centrioles

A

They assemble spindle fibres during cell division and thus separate the chromosomes

58
Q

The centrioles arrange themselves in pairs to form a centrosome. True or false

A

True,they arrange themselves at right angles from each other

58
Q

whats the role of spindle fibres

A

the segregation of chromosomes during cell division

59
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes

A

-70S
-80S

59
Q

Are ribosomes present in all cell

A

yes

60
Q

what two subunits are 80S ribosomes made of

A

60S and 40S subunits

61
Q

what two subunits are the 70S ribosomes made of

A

60S and 30S subunits

62
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

rRNA(ribosomal RNA) and proteins

62
Q

where are ribosomes located in the cell

A

-the surface of the RER
-free floating in the cytoplasm

63
Q

Ribosomes are membrane-bound organelles.True or false

A

False.ribosomes are NOT a membrane-bound organelle

64
Q

where are ribosomes made

A

the nucleolus

65
Q

what is the role of the nuclear envelope

A

it protects the DNA from damage in the cytoplasm

66
Q

what is the role of the nucleus

A

-site of translation
-site of ribosome synthsis
-contains the DNA of the cell

67
Q

WHAT is the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus called

A

nuclear envelope

68
Q

what is the role of the DNA.Explain

A

the dna controls the metabolic activity of the cell.
The DNA contains the information which codes for the synthesis of proteins,some of these proteins are enzymes required for metabolism to occur

69
Q

Does the chromatin form chromosomes

A

Yes,the chromatin made of the DNA and histones coils an dcondenses to form chromosomes

69
Q

is the DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells circular or linear

A

linear

70
Q

Why is the role of the nuclear pores important in protein synthesis

A

The DNA which contains the genetic information which codes for the synthesis of a protein is too large to leave the nucleus
Therefore it is instead transcribed into smaller mRNA molecule
The mRNA molecule contains the information which codes for a protein can then be exported out of the nucleus an into the cytoplasm where it travels to the site of protein synthesis( attaches to a ribosome on the surface of the RER)

70
Q

What are the holes in the nuclear envelope called

A

nuclear pores

71
Q

What is the role of the nuclear pores.Give examples

A

They allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
-they allow DNA polymerase to travel into the nucleus from the cytoplasm
-they allow mRNA and ribosomes to travel out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm of the cell

72
Q

In the nucleus the DNA is associated with histones to form chromatin.True or false

A

True

73
Q

Are chromosomes visible before cell division

A

No

73
Q

What is the fluid within the nucleus called

A

nucleoplasm

74
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus

A

-site of rRNA production
-site of ribosome synthesis

74
Q

What is submerged in the nucleoplasm

A

chromatin and the nucleus

75
Q

is nucleoplasm essentially the cytoplasm of the nucleus

A

Yes

76
Q

What is the nucleus composed of

A

RNA and proteins

77
Q

How are ribosomes formed in the nucleolus

A

the RNA in the nucleolus is used to produce rRNA which then combines with proteins to form ribosomes

78
Q

Is the nucleolus a membrane-bound organelle

A

No,its non-membrane-bound

79
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

it is a network of membranes ,called
cisternae
The cytoskeleton holds together the cisternae

80
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)
-smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)

81
Q

Where is the endoplasmic reticulum located

A

it extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

82
Q

What is the structural difference between the RER and SER.Explain how that is relevant tot heir functions

A

the RER has ribosomes attached to its surface to make proteins which are then folded and processes by the RER whereas the SER does not have ribosome because its function is to synthesise and process lipids and carbohydrates so it doesn’t need them

83
Q

Cells that realese more enzymes have more RER.True or false

A

TRue,the RER is required to fold and process snewly synthesised proteins and then package them sending them to the golgi apparatus

84
Q

What is the function of the RER

A

it folds,processes and modifies proteins before packing them into transport vesicles to the golgi apparatus to be modified

85
Q

What happens after the mRNA attaches itself to the ribosomes on the RER(this is how the RER plays a role in protein synthesis)

A

-the ribosome reads the genetic information and uses it to synthesise a protein via translocation
-the growing peptide passes the membrane and enters the cisternae and lumen of the RER where it is folded into its tertiary structure,processed and modified e.g adding a carbohydrate to it to make a glycoprotein
-Finally the polypeptide is packaged into transport vesicles to tb esend to the golgi apparatus for further modifying

86
Q

ribosomes attached to the RER normally make proteins meant to be secreted out of the cell an those that are free floating make proteins meant for usage inside the cell.True or false

A

True

87
Q

Whats the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

It synthesises and processes lipids and carbohydrates
-it is involved in detoxification,it detoxifies toxins consumed by cells like alcohol

88
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus

A

consists of a stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles

89
Q

Does the golgi apparatus have ribosomes

A

No

90
Q

From where does the golgi apparatus receive lipids and proteins

A

the RER and SER

91
Q

What are the two’faces’ of the golgi apparatus

A

-cis face
-cisterane and inner lumen
-trans face

92
Q

Whats the role of the cis face

A

The cis fac ereceives the proteins an dlipids from the SER and RER

93
Q

What the role of the cisternae and iinne lumen

A

there the proteins and the lipids are modified

94
Q

whats the role of the trans face

A

There modified proteins/lipids are packaged into secretory vesicles

94
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

it modief proteins/lipids befor epacking them into vesicles for secretion out of the cell or delivery to other organelles

95
Q

How does the Golgi apparatus work in eukaryotic cells

A

The golgi apparatus receives newly synthesised protein/lipids from the RER,SER at the cis face.They pass through the cisternae and inner lumen of the golgi apparatus where they are further modified before being packaged into secretory vesicles at the trans face of the golgi apparatus.

The vesicles can then move to and fuse with the cell-surface membrane, secreting their contents out of the cell via exocytosis

96
Q

Does the cilia stick out the surface of some cells

A

yesw

96
Q

what is the cilia made of

A

microtubules

97
Q

What is the structure of the cilia

A

it is a hair-like structure on the surface of cells
-it is made of 2 central pairs of microtubules,with nine pairs of microtubules surrounding them ,called the ‘9+2 ‘arrangement

98
Q

is cilia mebrane -bound

A

yes it has an outer membrane like flagella

99
Q

What is the function of cilia

A

it moves substances along the surface of cells

100
Q

what are the two types of cilia

A

-mobile cilia
-stationary cilia

101
Q

what is the function of mobile cilia.State example where its present

A

They beat in a rhythmic manner as result of the contraction of microtubules/the parallel microtubules sliding over each other,This creates a current that causes fluids to move

-mobile cilia present in the trachea,moves mucus away from the lungs
-in fallopian tubules,causes the egg to move from the ovary to the uterus

102
Q

What is the function of stationary cilia

A

has important roles in sensory organs like the nose

103
Q

where are the enzymes used in aerobic respiration located

A

the inner mitochondrial membrane

104
Q

compare cilia and flagella

A

-both stick out surface of cells, both have 2 microtubules in the middle surrounded by a ring of 9 pairs of microtubules

-flagella longer than cilia

-cilia moves substances along a surface whereas flagella rotates to propel a cell forward

105
Q

every cell can produce ATP through aerobic respiration which occurs in the mitochondria

A

Cell structure (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions