Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells, and Viruses

Question 1

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

a cell that has it’s DNA contained in a nucleus and contains membrane bound organelles

Question 2

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

contains DNA that is ‘free’ in the cytoplasm and has no membrane bound organelles

Question 3

Give an example of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 3

animal cells/plant cells/fungi cells

Question 4

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 4

bacteria cells

Question 5

Where is the genetic material in a eukaryote?

Answer 5

chromosomes contained inside a nucleus, and are associated with proteins (histones)

Question 6

Where is the genetic material in a prokaryote?

Answer 6

no true nucleus, only circular DNA and plasmids free in the cytoplasm

Question 7

State the difference between the organelles within eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 7

eukaryotes - have membrane bound, specialised organelles / prokaryotes - have no membrane bound organelles

Question 8

State the difference in the ribosomes contained within the two types of cells

Answer 8

eukaryotes - 80s ribosomes / prokaryotes - 70s ribosomes

Question 9

State the difference in the cell wall of the two types of cells

Answer 9

eukaryotes - cell wall mostly made of cellulose / prokaryotes - cell wall made of murein (peptidoglycan)

Question 10

Name some structures found in prokaryotes

Answer 10

cell wall, flagellum, plasmids, capsule

Question 11

Why can the capsule be a problem in bacteria?

Answer 11

because it prevents the detection of antigens on the surface of the bacteria, which means they are not detected by the body to allow an immune response to take place

Question 12

How can plasmids be used in producing the insulin gene? (or any gene pretty much)

Answer 12

cut out the gene using enzymes, put the gene into the plasmid, then it reproduces and makes many copies of the insulin gene, then you separate them and filter it out

Question 13

What is a virus?

Answer 13

an acellular, non living particle that is smaller than bacteria

Question 14

Describe the structure of a virus?

Answer 14

genetic material enclosed within a protein coat called a capsid

Question 15

What is a capsid and it’s function?

Answer 15

composed of protein subunits called capsomeres, and it’s function is to protect the viral genetic material from damage- can also assist the virus in infecting the host

Question 16

Describe the capsid’s structure

Answer 16

has attachment proteins which help the virus recognise and bind to the cell in the host organism

Question 17

What else can be surrounding some viruses?

Answer 17

some viruses such as HIV are surrounded by lipid envelopes as well which can have the attachment proteins if it is present

Question 18

How do viruses reproduce? (Lytic cycle)

Answer 18

1- virus attaches to cell using their attachment proteins then penetrates it, injects it’s nucleic acid into the cell
2- viral nucleic acid replicates using the host cell machinery
3- new viral nucleic acids are packaged into viral particles and released from the cell, which could destroy the host cell in the process

Question 19

How do prokaryotes divide?

Answer 19

through binary fission