Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Question 1

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

What type of cells are included in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 2

Plant, animal and fungi.

Question 3

What is the ultrastructure a cell?

Answer 3

The features of a cell that can be seen under an electron microscope.

Question 4

Where is the nucleolus in a cell?

Answer 4

Inside the nucleus.

Question 5

What does the nucleolus do?

Answer 5

Produces ribosomes.

Question 6

What is the nucleolus composed of?

Answer 6

Proteins and RNA.

Question 7

What is the nucleus of a cell?

Answer 7

A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

Question 8

What is contained within the nucleus?

Answer 8

Coded genetic information in the form of DNA.

Question 9

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 9

A network of fibres present throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question 10

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 10

Controls cell movement and movement of organelles in the cell.
Holds the organelles in place.
Keeps the cell stable and in shape.

Question 11

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres

Question 12

What are microfilaments made of and what is their role in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 12

Made of the protein actin.

Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction.

Question 13

What are microtubules made if and what is their role in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 13

Made of the globular protein Tubulin. Used as tracks for organelles to move across. Used to maintain the shape of the cell like scaffolding.

Question 14

What is the role of the intermediate fibres?

Answer 14

They give mechanical strength to the cell.

Question 15

What are centrioles and what do they do?

Answer 15

Hollow cylinders made of microtubules. They are involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.

Question 16

What are flagella and how do they enable cells to move?

Answer 16

Whip-like extensions that stick out of the cell membrane. Made of microtubules that contract to propel the cell forward.

Question 17

What is cilia and what do they do?

Answer 17

Hair-like extensions on the surface membrane of some cells. They move substances along the cell surface. The microtubules slide over each other to make a beating motion.

Question 18

How are the microtubules arranged in flagella and cilia?

Answer 18

9+2 arrangement. 9 pairs around the outside and 2 in the middle.

Question 19

Name the three organelles involved in protein production.

Answer 19

Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

Question 20

Where and what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 20

Connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus.

They are flattened sacs enclosed by membranes.

Question 21

Name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum.

What are their roles?

Answer 21

Rough ER (covered in ribosomes)- synthesise and transport proteins.
Smooth ER- synthesise and store lipids and carbohydrates.

Question 22

What is the structure of a ribosome and what does it do?

Answer 22

Ribosomes can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
They have a large and small subunit.
They have no membrane.
Thy make proteins.

Question 23

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus and what does it do?

Answer 23

Similar structure to the smooth ER.
Flattened sacs called cisternae.
Has a cis face and a trans face.
Modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles.

Question 24

What is the structure of mitochondria and what does it do?

Answer 24

An oval shaped organelle with a double membrane and a fluid interior called the matrix.
Mitochondria is where ATP is made and where cellular respiration occurs.

Question 25

What extra parts do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

Answer 25

Cell wall
Vacuole
Choroplast

Question 26

What is the role of the cell wall and what is it made of?

Answer 26

Role is to give the cell shape and support.

Cell walls are made of the carbohydrate cellulose.

Question 27

What is the vacuole and what is its role?

Answer 27

The vacuole is a membrane lined sac containing cell sap.

It gives the cell support and turgidity.

Question 28

What is the chloroplast responsible for?

Answer 28

Photosynthesis.

Question 29

Describe the structure of chloroplasts, naming all the components of it.

Answer 29

It has a double membrane.
Storma- fluid inside chloroplasts
Thylakoids- fluid filled sacs
Granum- several thylakoids stacked together
Grana- plural of granum. Contain chlorophyll
Lamellae- membranes joining grana together

Question 30

What cells are included in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 30

Archae and bacteria

Question 31

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 31

A cell containing no membrane bound organelles and no nucleus.

Question 32

How is the DNA different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?

Answer 32

It is not contained in a nucleus rather it is a supercoiled strand.

Question 33

How are the ribosomes different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?

Answer 33

They are smaller.

Question 34

How is the cell wall different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?

Answer 34

It isn’t made from cellulose. Rather it is made from murein (a polymer made from sugars and amino acids)

Question 35

How is flagella different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?

Answer 35

No 9+2 arrangement. Also they are thinner.