Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles.
What type of cells are included in eukaryotic cells?
Plant, animal and fungi.
What is the ultrastructure a cell?
The features of a cell that can be seen under an electron microscope.
Where is the nucleolus in a cell?
Inside the nucleus.
What does the nucleolus do?
Produces ribosomes.
What is the nucleolus composed of?
Proteins and RNA.
What is the nucleus of a cell?
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
What is contained within the nucleus?
Coded genetic information in the form of DNA.
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of fibres present throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Controls cell movement and movement of organelles in the cell.
Holds the organelles in place.
Keeps the cell stable and in shape.
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres
What are microfilaments made of and what is their role in the cytoskeleton?
Made of the protein actin.
Responsible for cell movement and cell contraction.
What are microtubules made if and what is their role in the cytoskeleton?
Made of the globular protein Tubulin. Used as tracks for organelles to move across. Used to maintain the shape of the cell like scaffolding.
What is the role of the intermediate fibres?
They give mechanical strength to the cell.
What are centrioles and what do they do?
Hollow cylinders made of microtubules. They are involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division.
What are flagella and how do they enable cells to move?
Whip-like extensions that stick out of the cell membrane. Made of microtubules that contract to propel the cell forward.
What is cilia and what do they do?
Hair-like extensions on the surface membrane of some cells. They move substances along the cell surface. The microtubules slide over each other to make a beating motion.
How are the microtubules arranged in flagella and cilia?
9+2 arrangement. 9 pairs around the outside and 2 in the middle.
Name the three organelles involved in protein production.
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Where and what is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Connected to the outer membrane of the nucleus.
They are flattened sacs enclosed by membranes.
Name the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum.
What are their roles?
Rough ER (covered in ribosomes)- synthesise and transport proteins. Smooth ER- synthesise and store lipids and carbohydrates.
What is the structure of a ribosome and what does it do?
Ribosomes can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
They have a large and small subunit.
They have no membrane.
Thy make proteins.
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus and what does it do?
Similar structure to the smooth ER.
Flattened sacs called cisternae.
Has a cis face and a trans face.
Modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles.
What is the structure of mitochondria and what does it do?
An oval shaped organelle with a double membrane and a fluid interior called the matrix.
Mitochondria is where ATP is made and where cellular respiration occurs.
What extra parts do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
Cell wall
Vacuole
Choroplast
What is the role of the cell wall and what is it made of?
Role is to give the cell shape and support.
Cell walls are made of the carbohydrate cellulose.
What is the vacuole and what is its role?
The vacuole is a membrane lined sac containing cell sap.
It gives the cell support and turgidity.
What is the chloroplast responsible for?
Photosynthesis.
Describe the structure of chloroplasts, naming all the components of it.
It has a double membrane.
Storma- fluid inside chloroplasts
Thylakoids- fluid filled sacs
Granum- several thylakoids stacked together
Grana- plural of granum. Contain chlorophyll
Lamellae- membranes joining grana together
What cells are included in prokaryotic cells?
Archae and bacteria
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell containing no membrane bound organelles and no nucleus.
How is the DNA different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?
It is not contained in a nucleus rather it is a supercoiled strand.
How are the ribosomes different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?
They are smaller.
How is the cell wall different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?
It isn’t made from cellulose. Rather it is made from murein (a polymer made from sugars and amino acids)
How is flagella different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes?
No 9+2 arrangement. Also they are thinner.
