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A-level biology > Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Flashcards

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1
Q

name the structures found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (8)

A
  • nucleus (+ nucleolus)
  • mitochondria
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • ribosomes
  • golgi apparatus
  • cell membrane
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2
Q

name the structures only found in animal cells (2)

A
  • lysosomes
  • centrioles
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3
Q

name the structures only found in plant cells (3)

A
  • permanent vacuole
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
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4
Q

describe the function of the nucleus (4)

A
  • makes ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
  • contains the genetic material of the cell (in the form of DNA and chromosomes)
  • site of DNA replication and transcription ( making mRNA and uRNA for protein synthesis)
  • genetic code holds instructions for synthesising proteins
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5
Q

describe the function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration (to produce energy in the form of ATP)

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6
Q

describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (2)

A
  • provides a large surface area for protein synthesis and glycoproteins
  • transports newly synthesised proteins throughout the cell
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7
Q

describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (3)

A
  • synthesise, store and transport lipids
  • synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates
  • steroid synthesis
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8
Q

describe the function of the golgi apparatus (6)

A
  • makes lysosomes
  • collects, processes and transports molecules around or out of the cell
  • adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
  • produces secretory enzymes (enzymes secreted by the pancreas)
  • secretes carbohydrates (to make cell walls in plants)
  • transport, modifies and stores lipids
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9
Q

describe the function of ribosomes

A

the site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

describe the function of lysosomes (4)

A
  • hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells (e.g. old or surplus white blood cells, bacteria)
  • releases enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) in order to destroy material around the cell
  • digests worn out organelles so that useful chemicals they are made up of can be reused
  • completely breaks down cells after they have died (autolysis)
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11
Q

describe the function of centrioles (3)

A
  • supports the cell shape
  • organises and moves organelles
  • forms the spindle during cell division
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12
Q

describe the function of the vacuole (2)

A
  • water enters through osmosis, helps keep the cell turgid
  • contains sugars and amino acids to act as a temporary food store
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13
Q

describe the function of the cell wall (2)

A
  • provides mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created from water entering the cell by osmosis
  • gives mechanical strength to the plant as a whole
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14
Q

describe the function of chloroplasts (4)

A
  • site of photosynthesis (converting light energy to chemical energy)
  • contains granal membrane which provides a large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers, and enzymes that carry out stage one of photosynthesis
  • contains DNA and ribosomes to quickly manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis
  • fluid of stoma possesses enzymes that are needed to make sugars in the second stage of photosynthesis
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15
Q

name the features of prokaryotic cells (bacterial) (8)

A
  • flagellum
  • plasmids
  • capsule
  • cell wall
  • cell surface membrane
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • genetic material
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16
Q

function of flagellum

A

can be none or more than one, used for locomotion (moving from one place to the other)

17
Q

function of plasmids

A

small circular piece of dna, contain additional genes such as antibiotic resistance

18
Q

function of cell wall ( prokaryotic )

A

made from murein, protects against osmotic lysis

19
Q

function of capsule

A

mucilaginous layer of slime, protects and helps bacteria stick together

20
Q

function of cell surface membrane

A

differentially permeable layer, controls entry and exit of chemicals

21
Q

role of genetic material

A

large circle of dna, contains information for bacterial replication

22
Q

role of cytoplasm

A

contains enzymes and other soluble materials

23
Q

what are pili

A

microscopic tube extensions to allow transfer of plasmid dna between individual bacteria

24
Q

describe the structure of cell-surface membranes

A
  • made of lipids and proteins
  • found just inside of the cell wall
25
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane folded to form cristae
  • contains matrix, which contains enzymes used for respiration
26
Q

describe the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • small flattened structure
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • contains membrane inside called thylakoid membrane
  • thylakoid membrane stacked to form grana in some parts of the chloroplast
  • grana linked by lamellae (thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)
27
Q

describe the structure of the golgi apparatus

A
  • group of fluid-filled membrane-bound sacs
  • vesicles found on the edge of sacs
28
Q

describe the structure of golgi vesicles

A
  • small fluid-filled sacs
  • found in cytoplasm
  • surrounded by membrane, produced by golgi apparatus
29
Q

describe the structure of lysosomes

A
  • type of golgi vesicle
  • no clear internal structure
  • surrounded by a membrane
30
Q

describe the structure of ribosomes

A
  • not surrounded by a membrane
  • made up of rna and proteins
  • small organelle, floats free in cytoplasm
  • or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
31
Q

describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface covered with ribosomes
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
32
Q

describe the structure of the soft endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surface not covered with ribosomes
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
33
Q

describe the structure of the cell wall

A
  • rigid structure surrounding cells in plants, algae and fungi
  • made of cellulose (a carbohydrate) in algae and plant
  • made of chitin in fungi
34
Q

describe the structure of the permanent vacuole

A
  • membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm
  • surrounding membrane named tonoplast
  • contains cell sap ( weak solution of sugar an salts )

A-level biology (30 decks)

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