Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Flashcards
name the structures found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (8)
- nucleus (+ nucleolus)
- mitochondria
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- ribosomes
- golgi apparatus
- cell membrane
name the structures only found in animal cells (2)
- lysosomes
- centrioles
name the structures only found in plant cells (3)
- permanent vacuole
- cell wall
- chloroplasts
describe the function of the nucleus (4)
- makes ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
- contains the genetic material of the cell (in the form of DNA and chromosomes)
- site of DNA replication and transcription ( making mRNA and uRNA for protein synthesis)
- genetic code holds instructions for synthesising proteins
describe the function of mitochondria
site of aerobic respiration (to produce energy in the form of ATP)
describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (2)
- provides a large surface area for protein synthesis and glycoproteins
- transports newly synthesised proteins throughout the cell
describe the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (3)
- synthesise, store and transport lipids
- synthesise, store and transport carbohydrates
- steroid synthesis
describe the function of the golgi apparatus (6)
- makes lysosomes
- collects, processes and transports molecules around or out of the cell
- adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
- produces secretory enzymes (enzymes secreted by the pancreas)
- secretes carbohydrates (to make cell walls in plants)
- transport, modifies and stores lipids
describe the function of ribosomes
the site of protein synthesis
describe the function of lysosomes (4)
- hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells (e.g. old or surplus white blood cells, bacteria)
- releases enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) in order to destroy material around the cell
- digests worn out organelles so that useful chemicals they are made up of can be reused
- completely breaks down cells after they have died (autolysis)
describe the function of centrioles (3)
- supports the cell shape
- organises and moves organelles
- forms the spindle during cell division
describe the function of the vacuole (2)
- water enters through osmosis, helps keep the cell turgid
- contains sugars and amino acids to act as a temporary food store
describe the function of the cell wall (2)
- provides mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created from water entering the cell by osmosis
- gives mechanical strength to the plant as a whole
describe the function of chloroplasts (4)
- site of photosynthesis (converting light energy to chemical energy)
- contains granal membrane which provides a large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers, and enzymes that carry out stage one of photosynthesis
- contains DNA and ribosomes to quickly manufacture proteins needed for photosynthesis
- fluid of stoma possesses enzymes that are needed to make sugars in the second stage of photosynthesis
name the features of prokaryotic cells (bacterial) (8)
- flagellum
- plasmids
- capsule
- cell wall
- cell surface membrane
- ribosomes
- cytoplasm
- genetic material
function of flagellum
can be none or more than one, used for locomotion (moving from one place to the other)
function of plasmids
small circular piece of dna, contain additional genes such as antibiotic resistance
function of cell wall ( prokaryotic )
made from murein, protects against osmotic lysis
function of capsule
mucilaginous layer of slime, protects and helps bacteria stick together
function of cell surface membrane
differentially permeable layer, controls entry and exit of chemicals
role of genetic material
large circle of dna, contains information for bacterial replication
role of cytoplasm
contains enzymes and other soluble materials
what are pili
microscopic tube extensions to allow transfer of plasmid dna between individual bacteria
describe the structure of cell-surface membranes
- made of lipids and proteins
- found just inside of the cell wall
describe the structure of mitochondria
- double membrane
- inner membrane folded to form cristae
- contains matrix, which contains enzymes used for respiration
describe the structure of chloroplasts
- small flattened structure
- surrounded by double membrane
- contains membrane inside called thylakoid membrane
- thylakoid membrane stacked to form grana in some parts of the chloroplast
- grana linked by lamellae (thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)
describe the structure of the golgi apparatus
- group of fluid-filled membrane-bound sacs
- vesicles found on the edge of sacs
describe the structure of golgi vesicles
- small fluid-filled sacs
- found in cytoplasm
- surrounded by membrane, produced by golgi apparatus
describe the structure of lysosomes
- type of golgi vesicle
- no clear internal structure
- surrounded by a membrane
describe the structure of ribosomes
- not surrounded by a membrane
- made up of rna and proteins
- small organelle, floats free in cytoplasm
- or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
- surface covered with ribosomes
- system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
describe the structure of the soft endoplasmic reticulum
- surface not covered with ribosomes
- system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
describe the structure of the cell wall
- rigid structure surrounding cells in plants, algae and fungi
- made of cellulose (a carbohydrate) in algae and plant
- made of chitin in fungi
describe the structure of the permanent vacuole
- membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm
- surrounding membrane named tonoplast
- contains cell sap ( weak solution of sugar an salts )
