ETOPS & Navigation Systems

Question 1

ETOPS

Answer 1

Extended Range Operations with Two-Engine Airplanes / Twin Engine Operations:
Routes that contain point(s) farther than 60 mins flying time from an adequate airport, whilst flying one-engine-out-cruise-still-air-ISA.

Question 2

ETOPS Area of Ops defined by

Answer 2

diversion distances to suitable airports. It’s using the ISA-still-air-etc… and does not need to be recalculated every flight. Therefore, due to weather, actual diversion time might exceed the 2- or 3-hour diversion!

Question 3

Equal Time Points (ETP)

Answer 3

the points at which diversion times between acceptable airports is Equal. Can be several along the way. Denoted as ETP1, ETP2, etc…

Question 4

Period of Validity

Answer 4

Earliest possible time for the ALT. Time of Departure + T1 + t1

Question 5

All Diversion airports must meet ARFFs

Answer 5

> or = ICAO cat 4.

Question 6

Diversion fuel req’d for ETOPS

Answer 6

At every ETP, must have enough fuel for:

• all-engine decompression
• one-engine-out decomp.
• one-engine out decomp. + drift-down.

Question 7

ETOPS fuel =

Answer 7

Trip Fuel + Critical fuel (catastrophe at critical point, descend to 10,000 or MORA, cruise to diversion airport, hold there at 1500’ for 15 mins, instrument approach). + add 5% fuel for mileage deterioration, 5% for wind during cruise portion, icing penalties are 10% for time in icing forecast, or 100% of time forecast to be using ANTI-ice, and APU fuel.

Question 8

Determining alternates before t/o:

Answer 8

1 nav / 2 nav. rule. 400 & 1, or 200 & 1/2. High mins cap. mins are not applicable in pre-departure trip planning.

Question 9

Before entering ETOPS segments, pilots must

Answer 9

check wx for alternates. if not satisfactory, then re-route or get new alternate.

Question 10

What requires re-route or diversions during ETOPS flight?

Answer 10

• wx at ETOPS alternate unacceptable
• req’d ETOPS equipment failure
• diversion airport becomes otherwise unfit.
• excessive fuel consumption affecting available reserve.

Question 11

2-way Comm’s priority for required ETOPS position reports between 5-25mins prior to entry.

Answer 11

1. ACARS. (CAL053, ETOPS entry AT 1935Z, FL 350, FR 25.2)
2. SATCOM or HF voice (same)
3. ATC Relay

Question 12

ADIRU

Answer 12

2 indep. systems of Air Data & IRS

Question 13

STBY instruments for Nav Systems include

Answer 13

Mag Compass, Indpt. Stby Att., RMI

Question 14

VOR & APP mode in EFIS control Panel (ECP) are displayed as “Heading Up” while Map mode is displayed as ____

Answer 14

Track up.

Question 15

Big Letters replacing tuned VOR freq’s represent

Answer 15

Decoded & ID’d VOR/DME info

Question 16

little letters in a tuned freq?

Answer 16

DME only. ID mismatch.

Question 17

STBY RMI powered by?

Answer 17

STBY AC bus

Question 18

Red HDG Flag on RMI?

Answer 18

when ADIRU signal is unavailable

Question 19

If using STBY instruments for Nav, don’t forget to consult the ___?

Answer 19

Deviation card

Question 20

ANT position of ADF?

Answer 20

Bearing position unavailable, but audio is optimized

Question 21

ADIRU is made of?

Answer 21

2 independent IRS: 3 gyros, 3 accelerometers. 2 independent Air Data units.

Question 22

Heading and Att. are primarily sourced from?

Answer 22

IRS. Back up w/ stby inst.

Question 23

Outputs of ADIRU?

Answer 23

Attitude, Heading, Present Position, Acceleration, Vertical Speed, Ground Speed, ground track. And, therefore, derives wind info.

Question 24

IRS Calculation = True North + ____?

Answer 24

Database Variation based on known location.

Question 25

Left IRS is powered by____, and the right?

Answer 25

Left by AC Standby Bus, right side by AC Transfer 2.

Question 26

Both lights say “ON DC” in amber on IRS Display Unit…

Answer 26

They’re being powered by the Switched Hot Battery Bus, and expect the right to shut down in 5 mins. If on ground, horn will sound to shout the battery draining condition.

Question 27

ALIGN on MSU

Answer 27

For alignment only; make sure no a/c movement; enter most accurate position in POS INIT page: (N/S)DD,MM.m(E/W)DDDMM.m

Question 28

Flashing ALIGN on IRDU?

Answer 28

LEAVE IN nav MODE!!!!
Poss 1: Entered & Stored position differ. (so enter correct one twice)
Poss 2: in spite of correct entry, make a 3rd correct entry because perhaps the ADIRUs disagree.
Poss 3: Format
Poss 4: A/c moving.

Question 29

How long to align?

Answer 29

5-17 mins, but not more than 10 between N60 and S60. LEAVE IN NAV mode.

Question 30

ATT mode on IRS Display Unit?

Answer 30

can enter manual heading with key pad. after done once, it is automatically calculated. If you did this in flight because of a FAULT light,
a) for L side IRS, pitch A and Roll B are failed.
b) WXR stab failed both sides
c) L: Intertial Attitude, VS, and Nav: are failed.
Use the Both on R function of IRS cont.panel.
Auto-throttle automatically made the jump to the right side. AFTER initial entry of hdg, get att and hdg restored.

Question 31

How to test IRS and what to expect?

Answer 31

Use function of IRSDU during alignment only

Question 32

HDG/STS mode?

Answer 32

5, 4, 3, 2, 1, HDG.

Question 33

NAV detent to Align detent on IRS?

Answer 33

zeroes the GS error.

Question 34

OFF to Align detent on IRS?

Answer 34

Initializes alignment process

Question 35

When would you use ALIGN instead of just going to NAV?

Answer 35

Fast Re-alignment, after entering LAST POS in POS INIT. But the inaccuracies mount more quickly.

Question 36

MASTER caution “IRS” on panel?

Answer 36

FAULT, DC FAIL, ON DC