ETOPS & Navigation Systems Flashcards
ETOPS
Extended Range Operations with Two-Engine Airplanes / Twin Engine Operations:
Routes that contain point(s) farther than 60 mins flying time from an adequate airport, whilst flying one-engine-out-cruise-still-air-ISA.
ETOPS Area of Ops defined by
diversion distances to suitable airports. It’s using the ISA-still-air-etc… and does not need to be recalculated every flight. Therefore, due to weather, actual diversion time might exceed the 2- or 3-hour diversion!
Equal Time Points (ETP)
the points at which diversion times between acceptable airports is Equal. Can be several along the way. Denoted as ETP1, ETP2, etc…
Period of Validity
Earliest possible time for the ALT. Time of Departure + T1 + t1
All Diversion airports must meet ARFFs
> or = ICAO cat 4.
Diversion fuel req’d for ETOPS
At every ETP, must have enough fuel for:
- all-engine decompression
- one-engine-out decomp.
- one-engine out decomp. + drift-down.
ETOPS fuel =
Trip Fuel + Critical fuel (catastrophe at critical point, descend to 10,000 or MORA, cruise to diversion airport, hold there at 1500’ for 15 mins, instrument approach). + add 5% fuel for mileage deterioration, 5% for wind during cruise portion, icing penalties are 10% for time in icing forecast, or 100% of time forecast to be using ANTI-ice, and APU fuel.
Determining alternates before t/o:
1 nav / 2 nav. rule. 400 & 1, or 200 & 1/2. High mins cap. mins are not applicable in pre-departure trip planning.
Before entering ETOPS segments, pilots must
check wx for alternates. if not satisfactory, then re-route or get new alternate.
What requires re-route or diversions during ETOPS flight?
- wx at ETOPS alternate unacceptable
- req’d ETOPS equipment failure
- diversion airport becomes otherwise unfit.
- excessive fuel consumption affecting available reserve.
2-way Comm’s priority for required ETOPS position reports between 5-25mins prior to entry.
- ACARS. (CAL053, ETOPS entry AT 1935Z, FL 350, FR 25.2)
- SATCOM or HF voice (same)
- ATC Relay
ADIRU
2 indep. systems of Air Data & IRS
STBY instruments for Nav Systems include
Mag Compass, Indpt. Stby Att., RMI
VOR & APP mode in EFIS control Panel (ECP) are displayed as “Heading Up” while Map mode is displayed as ____
Track up.
Big Letters replacing tuned VOR freq’s represent
Decoded & ID’d VOR/DME info
little letters in a tuned freq?
DME only. ID mismatch.
STBY RMI powered by?
STBY AC bus
Red HDG Flag on RMI?
when ADIRU signal is unavailable
If using STBY instruments for Nav, don’t forget to consult the ___?
Deviation card
ANT position of ADF?
Bearing position unavailable, but audio is optimized
ADIRU is made of?
2 independent IRS: 3 gyros, 3 accelerometers. 2 independent Air Data units.
Heading and Att. are primarily sourced from?
IRS. Back up w/ stby inst.
Outputs of ADIRU?
Attitude, Heading, Present Position, Acceleration, Vertical Speed, Ground Speed, ground track. And, therefore, derives wind info.
IRS Calculation = True North + ____?
Database Variation based on known location.
Left IRS is powered by____, and the right?
Left by AC Standby Bus, right side by AC Transfer 2.
Both lights say “ON DC” in amber on IRS Display Unit…
They’re being powered by the Switched Hot Battery Bus, and expect the right to shut down in 5 mins. If on ground, horn will sound to shout the battery draining condition.
ALIGN on MSU
For alignment only; make sure no a/c movement; enter most accurate position in POS INIT page: (N/S)DD,MM.m(E/W)DDDMM.m
Flashing ALIGN on IRDU?
LEAVE IN nav MODE!!!!
Poss 1: Entered & Stored position differ. (so enter correct one twice)
Poss 2: in spite of correct entry, make a 3rd correct entry because perhaps the ADIRUs disagree.
Poss 3: Format
Poss 4: A/c moving.
How long to align?
5-17 mins, but not more than 10 between N60 and S60. LEAVE IN NAV mode.
ATT mode on IRS Display Unit?
can enter manual heading with key pad. after done once, it is automatically calculated. If you did this in flight because of a FAULT light,
a) for L side IRS, pitch A and Roll B are failed.
b) WXR stab failed both sides
c) L: Intertial Attitude, VS, and Nav: are failed.
Use the Both on R function of IRS cont.panel.
Auto-throttle automatically made the jump to the right side. AFTER initial entry of hdg, get att and hdg restored.
How to test IRS and what to expect?
Use function of IRSDU during alignment only
HDG/STS mode?
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, HDG.
NAV detent to Align detent on IRS?
zeroes the GS error.
OFF to Align detent on IRS?
Initializes alignment process
When would you use ALIGN instead of just going to NAV?
Fast Re-alignment, after entering LAST POS in POS INIT. But the inaccuracies mount more quickly.
MASTER caution “IRS” on panel?
FAULT, DC FAIL, ON DC
