Ethno-racial Identity

Question 1

Cultural Phenomenon that affect Nursing Care

Answer 1

a. how health and illness is defined
b. nutrition
c. sick-role behaviours
d. family relations
e. ethnic orientation
f. religion
g. communication style
h. language

Question 2

Transcultural Nursing

Madeline Leininger (1950s to 1990s)

Answer 2

• present health in a way that is appropriate to each individual where values, customs and spiritual beliefs are respected
• change attitudes through education and information
• avoid cultural imposition, ethnocentrism
• respect for the “other”
• appreciate and value differences

CRITIQUE

• who gets to say who is different?
• simplistic in its views
• not self-analytical
• silence about racism
• considers culture as static
• paternalism/colonialism: “I know what’s best for you”

Question 3

Perception Development

Answer 3

initially child does not see differences
develops awareness but no sense of valuing one over another

until four years of age

understand differences as more or less
learns rules and consequences of stepping outside of norms
eventually…racial dominance and subordination

Question 4

Perspective from Dominant Group

Answer 4

• passively accept taken for granted norms
• subtle racism as there is little awareness
• don’t see selves as prejudiced persons
• exclude, ignore, avoid
• others as primitive and lower class
• see affirmative action as reverse discrimination

Question 5

Perspective from Non-Dominant Group

Answer 5

• accepting and conforming to white cultural, institutional and social standards
• a pre or non-reflective process
• can involve a rejection or devaluation of own culture
• reduced self-concept
• belief that there is no race problem, rather, that people don’t work hard
• seek interaction or validation from dominant group
• overlook racist practices and behaviour

Question 6

Transition Stage

Answer 6

• realization when exposed to contradictions to their beliefs
• dominant group is embarrassed, feels guilt
• non-dominant group reflect on their own victimization and develop an understanding of harmful effects of “acceptance consciousness”

Question 7

Resistance Stage

Answer 7

• members of both groups begin to understand and recognize patterns of interaction and mobilize ways to change these

Question 8

Race as a Social Construction

Answer 8

• race exists as a socio-cultural phenomenon
• no biological evidence for racial division
• categories serve as means to separate and control groups
• focus on difference and reference to an invisible norm
• fosters process of “othering”

Question 9

Racism

Answer 9

systematic mistreatment of one group of people by another on the basis of racial heritage
socially constructed reality
deliberate structuring of privilege
result is justification of power of position by placing negative meaning on perceived differences

Question 10

Systemic Racism

Institutional racism

Answer 10

requirements, conditions, practices, policies or processes that maintain and reproduce avoidable and unfair inequalities across ethnic/racial groups

Question 11

Prejudice

Answer 11

preconceived judgment or opinion often based on faulty or inflexible generalization

discrimination is behaviour based on prejudice

Question 12

Oppression

Answer 12

disadvantages and injustices some people suffer, not because of tyrannical power but because of everyday practices of a well-intentional liberal society

benefits one group while marginalizing another

Question 13

Faces of Oppression

Answer 13

1. Exploitation - taking advantage
2. Marginalization - seen as not important
3. Powerlessness - no voice, not represented
4. Cultural imperialism - dominant way of doing
5. Violence - emotional, unspoken, attitude, harassment, intimidation

Question 14

Antiracist Nursing Practice

Answer 14

resulting from developmental process: transitions and resistance

a. cultural humility
- create place where clients feel respected for unique practices, preferences and decision
- learner’s role

b. process of self-reflection
- acknowledge privileges
- consider how social context reflects construction of race
- understand own persona and family experience that shape conceptions
- understand knowledge and power
- identify own essentialist perspectives

c. political action/change
individual
- understand how racism plays out, avoid essentialist perspectives
institutional
- consumer level, practitioner level, policy level, administrative level

Question 15

Cultural Safety

Answer 15

outcome based on respectful engagement that recognizes and strives to address power imbalances inherent in the healthcare system

Question 16

Cultural Humility

Answer 16

process of self-reflection to understand personal and systemic biases and to develop and maintain respectful processes and relationships based on mutual trust

Question 17

Notion of equality

Answer 17

“we treat everyone the same”

- without recognizing their own unique needs engenders inequality

Question 18

Normative Model of Change

Answer 18

based on the premise that change must start with individual and that beliefs change behaviour

1. knowledge > 2. attitude
2. individual behaviour > 4. group behaviour

Question 19

Transformative Model of Change

Answer 19

change must start with institutions and that behaviour changes belief

1. change behaviour (at the institutional level)
2. change beliefs

• people rationalize more often than they reason
• people don’t change unless forced to