Ethnicity and Educational Achievement

Question 1

What did Lawson and Garrod define ethic groups as?

Answer 1

People who share common history, customs and identify aswell as in most cases, languages and religion. They see themselves as a distinct unit.

Question 2

How much of the UKs population are from a EMG?

Answer 2

14%

Question 3

What city became the first in the UK where white people were a minority?

Answer 3

London in 2001

Question 4

What percentage of students come from EMGs?

Answer 4

21%

Question 5

What EMG peform the best during gsces?

Answer 5

Chinese

Question 6

What emg peform the worse at gsces?

Answer 6

Gypsy’s and irsh travellers followed by black caribean

Question 7

What ethnic group is more likely to drop out of school and be set in lower streams?

Answer 7

Black caribean.

Question 8

Are white or EM ore likely to go to university?

Answer 8

EMG

Question 9

What group is least likely to continue their studies?

Answer 9

Black carribean boys

Question 10

What ethnic group is increasingly becoming a cause for concern in education?

Answer 10

White males.

Question 11

What are 3 examples of external factors that may effect a EMGs education?

Answer 11

1. Cultural deprivation. 2. Material deprivation. 3. Racism in society

Question 12

What’s cultural deprivation?

Answer 12

Some people see the underachievement of EMG as a result of inadequate socialisation in the home.

Question 13

What did Bernstien come up with?

Answer 13

Restricted code. For some South Asian students English many not be their first language therefore they speak in a restricted code.

Question 14

What did Sugarman come up with?

Answer 14

He argued that the lack of motivation is the cause of failure in many black children as they are socialised into a fatalistic live for today attitude that does not value education.

Question 15

What did Modood argue?

Answer 15

Black families have a slightly higher proportion of single families headed by a single mother. This leads to a lack of a male role model. New Right thinkers have put forward a similar explanation arguing that the high rate of lone parenthood has led to the underachievement of some minorities.

Question 16

What did Sewell argue about cultural deprivation?

Answer 16

The street gangs of fatherless boys who offer perseverance and love which leads to black boys underachieving. Many young black boys are subject to anti educational peer group pressure. Sewell argues that black students do worse than their Asian counterparts because of differences in socialisation and attitudes to education. Asian families are perceived to have an ‘Asian work ethic.’

Question 17

What does Keddie see cultural deprivation theory as?

Answer 17

A victim blaming explanation. Ethnic minority children are culturally different not culturally deprived.

Question 18

What’s material deprivation?

Answer 18

Poverty and a lack of material necessaties such as adequate housing and income. EMG are more likely to face these problems.

Question 19

What 6 things did Palmer find?

Answer 19

1. Emg are almost twice as likely to be unemployed compared to whites, often bei g employed on zero hour contracts. 2 . Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistaini workers earned under 7 pounds per hour compared to only 25% of whites. 3. Cultural factors such as the tradition of the Purdah in some Muslim houses mean that there’s only one income to support the family. 4. Asylum seekers may not be allowed to work on paid employment. 5. Indian pupils whose achievement seems to be higher are likely to be from better off backgrounds and attend private education. 6. Indian and whites seem to do better in education as they have a higher social class position.

Question 20

How do Chinese girls on free school meals achieve compared to white girls on free school meals at gsce?

Answer 20

86% of Chinese girls on free school meals achieve a grade 5 or higher compared to 65% of girls on free school meals. This suggests that material deprivation and social class do not completely override the influence of ethnicity.

Question 21

What does Mason argue about racism?

Answer 21

Discrimination is continuing and a persistent experience of citizens of ethnic minority origins

Question 22

What did Wood find?

Answer 22

He sent identical letters of inquires on employment using the fake surnames of Evans and Patel. More companies responded and e
were encouraging with the white candidate. This explains why they may face high unemployment.

Question 23

What’s the race relations act?

Answer 23

It made it illegal to discriminate against somebody based in the colour of their skin

Question 24

What’s the equal opportunity’s act?

Answer 24

All workers should be entitled too and have acess to all of the organisations facilities at every stage of employment.

Question 25

What are 2 internal factors which may effect EMGs achievement in education?

Answer 25

1. Labelling and teacher racism. 2. Institutional racism.

Question 26

What did Gillborn and Youdell find about black pupils and discipline?

Answer 26

Teachers were quicker too discipline black pupils and teachers held radical expectations that they would challenge authority. In turn black pupils felt that teachers underestimated their abilities and picked on them. This may explain the high rate of internal exclusions, permanent exclusions and the number of black students placed in pupil referral units.

Question 27

What did Gilbourn and Youdell find about black pupils and streaming?

Answer 27

In the A-C economy teachers focus on students more likely to achieve a grade C and above at gsce. This often leads to black students being placed in lower streams.

Question 28

What did G
David Gilborn say about the education system?

Answer 28

The education system is failing Afro-Carribean students.

Question 29

What did Cecile Wright find about Asian pupils?

Answer 29

He saw that Asian students could also be victims of labelling. Students would often assume that they would have a poor grasp on English and left them out of class discussions.Asian students felt like teachers often disapproved of their customs and mispronounced their names. Asian students were not seen as a threat like black students but marginalised and prevented from participating fully in class

Question 30

What did Archer find about pupil identities?

Answer 30

Teachers often have a dominant discourse which constructs 3 different types of pupil identities.

Question 31

What is Archers idea of an ideal pupil?

Answer 31

A middle class white pupil.

Question 32

What’s Archers idea of a pathologised pupil?

Answer 32

Asian pupils are often seen as deserving poor with a feminised oppressed sexuality. This pupil is seen as conformist and
culture bound, a Achiever through hard
work rather than natural ability.

Question 33

Whats Archers idea of the demonised pupil?

Answer 33

A black or white hyper sexualised identity. This pupil is seen as unintelligent, peer led and a culturally deprived underachiever.

Question 34

What did Gillborn say about institutional racism?

Answer 34

Ethnic inequality is so deep rooted and large that it is practically an inevitable feature of the education system.

Question 35

What are the 4 ways institutional racism is locked into the educational system?

Answer 35

1. Marketisastion and Segregation .2. The ethnocentric curriculum. 3. Assessment. 4 Acess to opportunities

Question 36

What did Gullborn argue about school admissions?

Answer 36

Negative stereotypes about pupils influences school admissions.

Question 37

What 3 things did the Commision for Racial Equality in Britain find?

Answer 37

1. Racist bias in interviews for school places. 2. Lack of information available in minority languages. 3. Ethnic minorities often being unsure how systems work such as waiting lists.

Question 38

What’s a ethnocentric curriculum?

Answer 38

The school curriculum which gives priority to the culture and viewpoint to one particular ethnic group while disregarding others.

Question 39

What did Ball argue about the curriculum?

Answer 39

The curriculum promotes the attitude of little Englandism. For instance, the history curriculum tries to create a mythical age of empires and past glories.

Question 40

What did Gillborn argue about assessments?

Answer 40

He said that the assessment game is rigged to validate the dominate cultures superiority. For example, Baseline assessments which used to be conducted as soon as children started school in reception. These were then replaced by the Foundation Stage Profile which are based purley on a teachers judgment of a student and were only carried out at the end of reception year. Almost immediately black children were seen to be doing worse in these tests.

Question 41

Why does Sewell critis Gillborn?

Answer 41

He says that internal factors are not powerful enough too prevent individuals from succeeding. In his view, we needed to focus on external factors.

Question 42

Why do some people critsis the idea of institutional racism?

Answer 42

There is over achievement by ethnic minorities such as Chinese and Indian. If there was institutional racism it wouldn’t be possible for groups to do this well.

Question 43

What are model minorities?

Answer 43

Gillborn suggested that there were model minorities who were there to peform and ideological function.

Question 44

What is the gifted and talented programme?

Answer 44

With the aims of meeting more able pupils in inner city schools, students who were seen to be more gifted in the top 5% of students were put on these programmes and mentored. It was designed to make sure that they were challenged and reached their full potential.

Question 45

Why did Gillborn critis yhe gifted and talented programme?

Answer 45

He noted that white children were 2x as likely as Black Carribean and 5 times as likely as Black African children to be entered into this programme.

Question 46

What does research show about black students and exam tiers?

Answer 46

Black pupils are more likely then whites to be entered for lower tier GSCE exams due to them being placed into lower sets.

Question 47

What does Glborn argue about IQ?

Answer 47

Teachers make false assumptions about the nature of pupils ability or potential. They see it as a fixed ability or potential which puts them into the appropriate stream. Many use the outdated IQ system to test this.