Education and Social Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

In 1880 what happened in regards to education?

A

Education was made compulsory between 5 to 13 year old’s. They were taught basic numeracy and literacy skills.

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2
Q

What was the 1944 education act?

A

The tripartite system. This was based on ability after sitting an exam called the 11 plus. Students were either sent to: a grammar school, a secondary modern school, a technical school. This was done at the end of the war as the government realised they needed more educated workers due to the loss of men and the aim was too create greater equality of opportunity.

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3
Q

What education act happened in 1965?

A

The labour goverment introduced comprehensive schools. Local authority’s could decide whether they wanted to abolish grammar and secondary modern schools or not so all students in a local area could attend. There are still 164 grammar schools in the UK today.

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4
Q

What was the time period when the conservatives where in power when the education act happened?

A

1979 - 1997

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5
Q

What are the 3Cs?

A

Consumers, Choice, Competition

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6
Q

Whats the free market?

A

The New Right idea that state run services are unefficent. They argue that companies such as education should compete for business, thus providing them with the incentive to improve the product/service they provide.

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7
Q

What’s Marketisation?

A

The process of bringing market forces into education to increase the competition and raise the standards for consumers?

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8
Q

What policy’s were in the 1988 education act?

A

National Curriculum, SATS (attainment targets for students which are published,) Exam league and Ofsted inspections are published (exam results, school reports absence rates allowing parents to chose which is the best school for their child,) formula funding (the more students the more funding,) and open enrolment

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9
Q

What’s parentocracy?

A

Power shifts from the teachers and schools into the hands of the parents which encourages diversity, choice and standards to improve.

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10
Q

What are examples of schools being run like a business?

A

Adverts, open days, events such as plays being open to the public, highschools visiting primary schools, having entry requirements.

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11
Q

What did Gerwirtz come up with?

A

She studied the effects of educational reforms that had been introduced by the conservatives. She found 3 categorys of choosers.
Privileged or skilled choosers: They had the skills to find the best school such as studying league tables for their children could move to better catchment areas and even pay for private schools.
Semi Skilled choosers: Mainly working class parents who were ambitious for their children but lacked the social networking or practical means to get their children into the best school.
Disconnected or local choosers: Their access to transport played a big part in their descion with most children being sent to the closest school. Importance placed on child’s choice rather than academic reputation

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12
Q

What did Ball say about education?

A

Parentocracy is a myth

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13
Q

What did Barelett and Le Grand come up with?

A

Cream Skimming and Silft Shifting. It can be said that by setting an entrance criteria such as church attendance schools are the ones with the choice mot the consumer

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14
Q

What’s cream skimming?

A

When the most successful schools cherry pick the most able students from the wealthiest backgrounds. This obviously increases the schools success and becomes a cycle.

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15
Q

What was the new Labour government’s aims towards education? (1997-2010)

A

The Third Way. It combined elements of the social democratic approach with a New Right markisastion approach.

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15
Q

What’s silt shifting?

A

When schools off load less able students with learning disabilities as they are expensive to educated and get poorer results.

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16
Q

What are 4 new labour policies that demonstrate a more social democratic approach?

A

Aim higher, EMA, Educational Action Zones, Student loans

16
Q

What are 2 labour policies that demonstrate the 3Cs?

A

Specialist schools. Academies

17
Q

What’s aim higher?

A

An umbrella term to describe initiatives aimed at widening participation in UK Higher education particularly from non traditional backgrounds. New Labour policy. The government aimed that 50% of students in the UK should have a degree.

18
Q

What are specialist schools?

A

A new labour policy. Secondary schools can apply to be specialist schools in one or two of 10 specialisms. They provide more diversity and parental choice.

19
Q

What is EMA?

A

A new labour policy. Educational maintenance allowance paid to students 16-19 from lower income families. Funding is given to those who meet targets and attend every lesson.

20
Q

What are educational action zones?

A

New Labour policy. Zones were set too raise the attainment of students from low income intercity areas. An action forum containing people like governors and family ran the zone.

21
Q

What are Academies?

A

New labour policy. Schools which receive their funding directly from the government instead of from councils. This extra freedom arguably allows schools to raise their standards.

22
Q

How did New labour change student loans?

A

They made it so students had to fund their university costs. This was because university’s were no longer able to afford the increased numbers of students. This made it so students were now able to keep coming and university’s did not need to be more selective.

23
Q

What did Tomlinson do?

A

He critised New labour policy because of it reintroducing selection with specialist schools and by putting too much emphasis on target results and league tables.

24
Q

What are two other critisms apart from Tomlinsons of new labour policy?

A

Some view academies as “privatisation through the back door.” Introducing student fees contracted the good done by widening access too HE as cost would put many working class students off studying for a degree.

25
Q

Who were the coalition government?

A

2010-2015. The conservatives and the lib dems. The education secutary Micheal Gove undertook the biggest reform in the education system since 1944.

26
Q

What were some coalition government policy’s?

A

Free Schools. Academies. National Formula funding for schools. Post 16 funding cuts. New national curriculum. Linear gsces/ A levels. Apprenticeships. Post 16 vocational must include some work experience. Free school meals for infants upto y2 (lib dem policy)

27
Q

What are free schools?

A

A non profit making state funded school which is free to attend but is not controlled by a local authority such as faith schools. This is one of the policies of the collation government.

28
Q

What did the coalition government change to do work academies?

A

If a school was graded inadequate by Ofsted they had to become an academy.

29
Q

Whats national formula funding for schools?

A

Coalition government policy. A formula that calculate the amount of core revenue that main stream schools in England will attract in terms of primary and secondary pupils. Local authorities get different amounts of money per pupil. They them draw up their own funding formulas to share the money between schools with government guidance (authorities are more likely to give more money to high achieving schools.)

30
Q

What are post 16 funding cuts?

A

As it sounds. This means that many college are losing funding for students and so many are cutting services and qualifications or are closing down due to financial trouble.

31
Q

What did Micheal Gove say about his educational policy?

A

He was making it harder to be in line with foreign countries.

32
Q

What were the changes to the 5-14 circularm by the coalition government?

A

In maths children are expected to learn more at an earlier age, history will take more of a chronological approach, english pupils will learn more Shakespeare and there will be more of an emphasis on spelling. The new computing circularm pupils will be required ro learn how to write in code.

33
Q

What were the coalition government changes to gsces and a levels?

A

A levels and gsces will have exams taken at the end of the 2 years. A level resitting will mean resitting all of the exams .Gsces will become more challenging and they are now numbered in apposed to lettered.

34
Q

What have been the 2015-2023 government changes to education?

A

They’ve kept many of the other policies. Introduced T levels, equivalent to 3 gsces, 80% in class room 20% practical.

35
Q

What are 5 examples of T levels?

A

Accounting, catering, hair beauty and aesthetics, media, broard cast and production.

36
Q

Whats the national tutoring programme?

A

A response to the covid lockdown aimed at disadvantaged pupils. From 2022 to 2023 the NEP awards an additional £163 per student eligible for the pupil premium. The money is paid directly for schools and they are required to spend the money on targeted academic support by trained and experienced teachers. This can be done through academic mentors (people who are employed specifically to give pupils extra tuition,), tuition partners, regular school personal,

37
Q

Whats the catchup premium?

A

In 2021 the government announced an extra £1 billion in funding to help support students catch up with lessons they missed due to the lockdown. £650 million was payed directly to schools £80 per pupil. The national tutoring programme. Language support for reception aged children.

38
Q

What do Mackin and Vernoit argue?

A

They argue that academies brought in by the coalition government are serving the needs of the most advantaged pupils and in a lot of cases do not include the children who are from disadvantaged backgrounds. They only give free school meals to a very small amount of pupils.

39
Q

What do the Partners in Excellence say?

A

Schools in disadvantaged areas will be particularly effected by the changes to gsces.

40
Q

Why do feminist’s argue that the conservative governments policy reforms are flawed?

A

They will impact on the achievement of girls’ the most for example girls typically do better with coursework due to the bedroom culture.