Ethnic Differences In Achievement- External

Question 1

Cultural deprivation

Answer 1

Cultural deprivation theory sees the under achievement of some ethinic groups as the result of inadequate socialisation

Question 2

Intellectual and linguistic skills

Answer 2

Lack of intellectual and linguistic skills a major cause of under achievement for many minority children

Question 3

Bereiter and engelmann

Answer 3

See language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success

Question 4

David gillborn and Heidi safia Mirza (2000)

Answer 4

Indian pupils do very well despite often not having English as their home language

Question 5

Attitudes and values

Answer 5

Cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of the failure of many black children.
Black children are socialize into a fatalistic subculture

Question 6

Family structure and parental support

Answer 6

Failure to socialise children adequately is the result of a dysfunctional family structure
Daniel Moynihan(1965)- argues many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are derived of adequate care

Question 7

Charles Murray(1984)

Answer 7

High rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under achievement of some minorities

Question 8

Roger Scruton(1986)

Answer 8

Low achievement levels of some ethnic minorities as resulting from a failure to embrace mainstream British culture

Question 9

Ken price (1979)

Answer 9

Sees family structure as contributing to the under achievement of black Carribean pupils in Britain
Asians are more resistant to racism and have a greater sense of self worth
Black Carribean less cohesive and are less resistant to racism because they were destroyed of colonial rule

Question 10

Fathers, gangs and culture

Answer 10

Tony swell(2009) argues it is not the absence of fathers as role model, lack of fartherrly nurturing or tough love. Results in black boys finding it hard to overcome emotional and behavioural difficulties of adolescence.

Question 11

Chris Arnot (2004)

Answer 11

Ultra tough ghetto superstar, is constantly reinforced through rap lyrics and MTV videos

Question 12

Gillbourn(2008)

Answer 12

Not peer pressure but institutional racism within the education system that leads to the failure of black boys

Question 13

Asian families

Answer 13

Indian and Chinese pupils benefit from supportive families that have an asian work ethic and place a high value on education
Rupton(2004)- authority in asian households is similar to the model that operates in schools

Question 14

White- working class families

Answer 14

Andre McCulloch (2014)- survey of 16,000 found that ethnic minority pupils are more likely to aspire to go to university than white British pupils
Lupton- 4 mainly working class schools
Two predominantly white and one predominantly pakistani and one ethnically mixed
Found that teachers reported poorer levels of behaviour and discipline in the white working class school, even though there were less on free school meals
Blame this on lower levels of parental support

Question 15

Compensatory education

Answer 15

Main policy that has been adopted to tackle cultural deprivation is compensatory education

Question 16

Criticisms of cultural deprovation theory

Answer 16

Geoffrey driver (1971)- ignores positive effects of ethnicity on achievement.
Black Carribean families provide girls with positive role models of strong independent women

Errol Lawrence- argues black pupils not under achieve because of low self esteem, but because of racism

Keddie argues it’s victim blaming. Ethnic children are culturally different not culturally deprived

They oppose compensatory education

Question 17

What are critics of cultural dedication theory alternatives to help ethnic minorities

Answer 17

1) multicultural education- a policy that recognises and values minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum
2) anti-racist education- a policy that challenges the prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and wider society

Question 18

Material deorivation

Answer 18

Lack of those physical necessities that are seen as essential or normal for life in today’s society

Question 19

Guy Palmer(2012)

Answer 19

Ethnic minorities are more likely to face material deprivation
- almost all ethnic minority children live in low income housing, over a 1/4 for whites
- ethnic minorities almost twice as likely to be unemployed compared to whites
- ethnic minority households almost three times as likely to be homeless
- ethnic minorities more likely to be engaged in shift work

Question 20

Why are some ethnic minorities more at risk of material deprivation and unemployment

Answer 20

• many live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment and low rate rates
• cultural factors such as ‘purdah’ in some Muslim households, which prevents women from working outside the home
• lack of language skills, and foreign qualifications not being recognised by Uk employers
• asylum seekers may not be allowed to take work
• racial discrimination in the labour market

Question 21

Class differences explain why Pakistani pupils tend to do worse than jndian and white

Answer 21

Indian pupils are more likely to be from better off backgrounds- eyhnic group most likely to attend private schools

Question 22

Tariq Mamood (2004)

Answer 22

While children from low income families generally did less well, the effects of low income were much less for other ethnic groups than for white white pupils

Question 23

Racism in wider society

Answer 23

David Mason(2000)’discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of britains citizens of minority ethnic origin’
John Rex (1986)- shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusions and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities

Wood et al(2010)- sent 3 closely matched job applications. One from a white person 2 from ethnic minorities. 1/16 got back to ethnic minorities and 1/9 got back to white applications