Ethnic differences in Achievement Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What is ethnicity?
A
Refers to a shared culture, identity and history.
2
Q
What is an ethnic group?
A
Is a group of people who see themselves as a distinct group based for example on religion, geography or language.
3
Q
Who are the highest achieving ethnic group?
A
Chinese
4
Q
Who are the lowest achieving ethnic group?
A
Gpysy/ Roma traveller
5
Q
Do Chinese and Indians do better than Black and Pakistani
A
Yes they do.
6
Q
What is the National average in 2013 of percentage of pupils achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Math’s?
A
60%
7
Q
What is the percentage of Chinese girls achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
78% which is 18% above average.
8
Q
What is the percentage of Chinese Boys achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
72% which is 12% above average
9
Q
What is the percentage of White Boys and girls achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
59% which is 1% lower than average
10
Q
Why are White boys and girls are at average of percentage achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C’s including English and Math’s?
A
This is because they form great majority of the school population and there is variation in class between them.
11
Q
What is the percentage of Black Carribean girls achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
52% which is 8% lower than average
12
Q
What is the percentage of Black Carribean Boys achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
39% which is 11% lower than average.
13
Q
What is the percentage of Pakistani girls achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
54% which is 6% lower than average
14
Q
What is the percentage of Pakistani boys achieving 5 or more GCSE grades A*C including English and Maths and relation to average?
A
41% which is 19% lower than average
15
Q
Why can’t all Asian’s be classified together?
A
As this covers many different nationalities, religions and languages, also there are big variations in results e.g Indians and Chinese pupils do better than Pakistani’s and Bangladeshi?
16
Q
On class do Working class do better than Middle class?
A
No Middle class do better than working class.
17
Q
Who is the sociologist who found out the progress made by white pupils is less than when they come into school?
A
Hastings (2006)
18
Q
What did Hastings say (2006)?
A
White working-class pupils make less progress between 11 and 16 than black or Asian pupils.
19
Q
What does Hasting’s study show?
A
That it must be down internal factors in school causing underachievement.
20
Q
What have the government introduced which mean teachers have to try harder to narrow the gap?
A
A ‘good pass in line with a average performance in high performing countries such as Finland and Canada, this means that teachers have to try harder to narrow the gap to these high performing children, to boost league potions.
21
Q
What are the three External factors that explain ethnic differences in achievement (Cultural deprivation) ?
A
1) Intellectual and Lingustic skills
2) Attitudes and values
3) Family structure and parental support
22
Q
Who are the sociologists that look at Intellectual and linguistic skills spoken at home?
A
Bereiter and Englemann (1966)
23
Q
What do Bereiter and Englemann say about Language spoken at home(1966)?
A
they consider the spoken language by low-income black american families as inadequate for educational success. Also, children who do not speak English at home may also be held back educationally.
24
Q
Why does Bereiter and Englemann study lead to underachievement?
A
Children are not able to use language to describe, analyse and evaluate. Also unable to use language to express abstract ideas.
25
What is A03 evaluation to suggests that Bereiter and Englemann study is Victim blaming?
Some sociologists see Cultural deprivation theorists are victim blaming black culture and language. Their culture and language are not deficient but possibly different in some ways.
26
What is the A03 evaluation to suggest that language isn't a big factor using evidence?
In 2010 pupils which English as their first language were only 3.2 points ahead of those who had English as their first language, when it came to gaining 5 GCSE's A*'s to C's. Also Indian pupils still do well despite English not being first language.
27
What is the Attitudes and values explanation for differences in Educational achievement?
Some Black and ethnic minority children might be socialized into a fatalistic subculture ( counter to mainstream, focused on immediate gratification). This may be because of negative experiences with education or society itself.
28
What does it mean if black and ethnic minorities are socialized into a fatalistic subculture?
They will have a lack of motivation to succeed. Most children are socialized into mainstream culture, which instills competitiveness and a desire to achieve, equipping them for success.
29
What is the A03 evaluation to counter the Fatalistic attitudes and values from black and ethnic minority children including sociologist?
Lawrence suggests that Black culture and attitudes are not 'weaker' but simply the by product of racism in wider society.
30
Who is the sociologist that argues about Family structure and parental support?
Moynihan (1965)
31
What does Moynihan argue(1965)?
Argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care due to struggling financially as well as lacking a male role model.
32
Why will this affect affect if black families are headed by a lone parent?
This will mean many black boys are likely to turn to an anti-educational macho 'gang culture'
33
What is the AO3 evaluation to suggest that lone mother doesn't affect all members of family including sociologist?
Driver suggests that Black families provide a strong role model for girls, thus explaining the higher rates of achievement amongst black girls.
34
Who is the sociologist that argues that the impact of racism leads to underachievement?
Pryce (1979)
35
What does Pryce (1979) say about the impact of racism?
Pryce argues that Black Caribbean culture is less resistant to racism because of the experience of slavery.
36
What does this mean if Black Caribbean culture is less resistant to racism?
This will lead to many black pupils having low self-esteem leading to underachievement.
37
What is another A03 evaluation of fastalistic attitiudes saying at infact ethnic minorities place higher value on education including sociologist?
Connor (2004) found that minority ethnic parents often placed higher value on education than white parents.
38
What else did Pryce (1979) say about slavery which meant black family's didn't exist?
The high rate of lone parent families amongst black community is argued by prcye to be tracked to slavery. . Slavery didn't allow black family's to exist, men don't learn protecting role, which is passed down to next genrations. Underachievement stems from unstable families as a reuslt of slavery and self worth.
39
What is the A03 evaluation from Sewell to suggest that underachievement is caused by a lack of fatherly love?
Sewell says the absence of tough love from a father figure and peer pressure to conform to a 'tough ghetto superstar' image leads to poor attitudes to education.
40
Who is the sociologist that argues that the Chinese and Indian pupils benefit from 'Asian work ethic'?
Sewell
41
What does Sewell say about Chinese and Indian pupil?
Indian and Chinese pupils pupils benefit from supportive families that have an 'Asian work ethic' and place a high value on education.
42
Similarly, who is the sociologist that argues that adult authority in Asian families is similar to the model of school?
Ruth lupton (2004)
43
What does Ruth Lupton say (2004)?
Adult authority in Asian families is similar to the model of the school whereby children have respectful attitudes towards adults. This has a knock on effect at school.
44
What is the A03 evaluation to suggest that the 'Asian work ethic' does not effect all Asians?
Bangladeshi and Pakistani students are, on average not doing well in school.
45
Who is the sociologist that studies White working class aspirations?
McCulloch (2014)
46
What does McCulloch (2014) find?
He did a survey of 16,000 Ethnic minority children are more likely to aspire to go to university compared to white working class pupils.
47
Why are White working class pupils likely to have low aspirations to go to university?
This may be down to a lack of parental support
48
Who is the sociologist that studied 4 mainly working class schools ?
Lupton (2004)
49
What did Lupton (2004) study and find?
Studied manly 4 working class schools with different ethnic compositions. Teachers reported poorer levels of behavior and discipline in the white working class schools.
50
What did Lupton (2004) say why teachers reported poorer levels of behavior and disciplinary in the white working class schools?
She linked it to lower levels of parental support and the negative attitudes of the white working class parents towards education.
51
What organsiation helps to tackle cultural deprivation?
Compensatory education
52
What does Compensatory education assume?
Compensatory education bases its assumption that underachievement is caused by culture deprivation rather than any other factors.
53
What is AO3 evaluation to criticse compensatory education?
Compensatory education imposes the dominant white middle-class culture on minority ethnic groups' own culture.
54
Instead what do Sociologists do to compensate for ethnic minority underachievement?
Multi-cultural education : a policy that recognizes and values minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum.
55
Give me 3 facts about material deprivation
1) Ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed compared to white people.
2) 15% of ethnic minority household live in overcrowded conditions, compared with only 2% of white households.
3) Ethnic minority household are 3 times more likely to be homeless.
56
Why is it that ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed compared to white people?
This may be down to language barriers and discrimination in the workplace.
57
What is the impact is it that ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed compared to white people?
They live in poverty leading to them being materially deprived
58
Why is it that 15% of ethnic minority household live in overcrowded conditions, compared with only 2% of white households ?
More likely to live in an extended family
59
What is the impact that 15% of ethnic minority household live in overcrowded conditions, compared with only 2% of white households ?
Lack of space to work
60
Why is it that Ethnic minority household are 3 times more likely to be homeless. ?
Don't have qualifications as they are from abroad.
61
What is the impact that Ethnic minority household are 3 times more likely to be homeless. ?
Not well paid and lack of parental support (Parents evening)
62
What is the A03 evaluation for material deprivation to do of the influence of ethnicity?
While class plays an important part, it doesn't fully override the influence of ethnicity; e.g. middle class black pupils do less well at GCSE than white or Asian middle-class pupils.
63
What is another A03 evaluation point that suggest that white pupils suffered more from low income than any other ethnic group including sociologists?
Modood (2004) while children from low-income families did generally less well, the effects of low income were much less for other ethnic groups than for white pupils.
64
Finish off the sentence 'while class plays an important part?
It doesn't fully override the influence of ethnicity.
65
Not all ethnic minorities are what?
Working class
66
Material deprivation may be a product of what?
Racism
67
Memebers of other ethnic groups might face?
Direct and indirect discrimination at work and in the housing market.
68
What is evidence that there is Direct and indirect discrimination at work and in the housing market?
Black backgrounds face the highest rates of unemployment and housing issues.
69
What does it mean if parents face Direct and indirect discrimination at work and in the housing market?
they are more likely to have low pay or be unemployed, which affect child's educational opportunities, as they are unable to buy toys that develop child's intellect.
70
What are the 3 internal factors that effect underachievement?
Labeling
Pupil subcultures
Ethnocentric curriculum and institutional racism
71
What do studies show what black students are labelled as and what Asian students are labelled as and what does this mean?
Black students are labelled as Disruptive and Asian students are labelled as Passive. This means negative labels may mean teachers teach students differently.
72
Who were the Sociologists that found that black children were the highest achievers entering primary school?
Gillborn and Mirza (2000)
73
What did Gillborn and Mirza find (2000)?
Found in one area, black children were the highest achievers on entering primary school( 20 points above average), yet by the time it came to GCSE, they had fallen 21 points below average. suggesting schooling, not background is to blame.
74
What else did Gillborn and Mirza (2000) find out about teacher racialised expectations?
Found teachers had racialised expectations (labels) about black pupils and expected more discipline problems . Black pupils were more likely to be punished for same behaviour. The students felt that their teachers underestimated their ability and picked on them.
75
Why does GIllborn and Mirza (2000) findings lead to underachievement?
This will lead to higher levels of exclusions
| Black pupils being placed in lower streams.
76
Who is the sociologists that talks about black pupils official exclusions?
Osler (2001)
77
What does Osler (2001) say?
Black pupils face higher rates of official exclusions, internal exclusions and also more likely to be placed in pupil referral unit.
78
What is a A03 evaluation point for Osler's point (2001)?
The Gap of black Caribbeans and white British is getting smaller in terms of the number of permanent exclusions, showing that schools are adopting.
79
Who was the sociologist that studied teacher's view on Asians?
Cecile wright (1992)
80
What did Cecile wright (1992) say?
Found that Asian primary school pupils were stereotyped by their teachers and treated differently e.g they assume they have poor grasp of English and left them out of class discussions
81
What is the affect of Asian pupils especially girls?
Asian pupils especially girls, were marginalized (treat as insignificant) and prevented from participating fully, affecting their self-esteem.
82
Who is the sociologist who looks at Pupil identities?
Louise Archer (2008)
83
What are the 3 pupil identites according to Archer(2008)?
1) The ideal pupil identity (middle class, achieves ablitiy through natural ability)
2) The pathologised pupil identity ( Asian, hard working and oppressed sexuality)
3) The demonized pupil identity ( black or white working class, peer-led)
84
What does Louise Archer say about Ethnic minority pupil identities?
Ethnic minority pupil identities are either seen as pathogolised or demonized.
85
What does Louise Archer say about how Chinese pupil identity?
Chinese pupils are seen as achieving success in the wrong way rather than natural ability, meaning they were never the ideal pupil. Their success is seen as an over-achievement.
86
What did Sewell (1998) find about the range of responses to teachers racist labeling?
Sewell found that black boys adopted a range of responses to teachers' racist labeling of them as rebellious and anti-school.
87
What were the 4 pupil subcultures black pupils adopted after teachers' racist labeling?
Conformists
Innovators
Retreatists
Rebels
88
What are Conformists?
accept school values & be eager to succeed
89
What are Innovators?
pro-education but anti-school, distanced from “conformists” enough to keep credibility with “rebels” whilst valuing educational success.
90
What are Retreatists?
isolate & disconnect with peer group subcultures & school, keeping a low profile.
91
What are Rebels?
reject school values & oppose by joining a peer group which reinforces “Black street hood'. They didn't like conformists black boys and white boys.
92
However how do teachers see all black pupils as?
They see all pupils as the 'black macho lad' (rebels), this leads to underachievement, because of discrimination of teachers.
93
What did Margaret fuller study about negative labeling?
Black girls at a london comprenhensive school rejecting their label's. They were high achievers in a school where most black girls were placed in low streams. Instead of accepting negative stereotypes the girls channelled their anger into making an effort to succeed.
94
What does this show about negative labelling AO3?
pupils may still succeed even when they refuse to conform
| negative labeling doesn’t always lead to failure.
95
What is an AO3 evaluation of negative labelling t o counteract the previous point including sociologist?
Mirza (2000) found that black girls' strategies for dealing with teachers' racism e.g. not asking for certain help, sometimes restricted their opportunities. Even though they did not accept their labels, they were still disadvantaged as a result.
96
What is individual racism?
Prejudiced views of individual teachers and others.
97
What is institutional racism?
discrimination that is built into institutions such as schools.
98
How does the critical race theory see education as?
They see institutional racism as a deep rooted 'locked in' feature of the education system. They see education system as institutionally racist
99
What the 3 main ways schools are institutionally racist according to the critical race theory?
Marketisation and segregation
Ethnocentric curriculum
Assessment
100
How is the school institutionally racist in terms of marketisation and segregation including sociologist?
Gillborn (1997) – the marketization of education puts ethnic minorities at a disadvantage as schools can be more selective of who they enrol.
101
What is AO3 evaluation against marketisation and segregation?
There is legislation at school, meaning this is removed from schools.
102
How is the school institutionally racist in terms of ethnocentric curriculum including sociologist?
Ball (1994) uses the term “Little Englandism” to describe the way the curriculum focuses on white British culture & tries to recreate a “mythical age of empire & past glories” while largely ignoring the history of Black & Asian people.
103
How does the ethnocentric curriculum link to underachievement?
This will result in ethnic group pupils feeling that they and their culture and identity are not valued in education and this diminishes their sense of self-esteem, which has a negative effect on their educational achievement.
104
What is an A03 evaluation against the ethnocentric curriculum?
Indians and Chinese pupils still achieve above average despite ethnocentric curriculum.
105
What does ethnocentric mean?
attitude or policy that prioritizes the culture of one particular ethnic group while disregarding or downgrading others.
106
How are assessment institutionally racist including sociologists?
Gillborn (2008) argues that assessment is rigged to validate the dominant white culture's superiority, e,g, baseline assessments (based on written tests) showing black pupils ahead of white pupils, were replaced by Foundation student profile, based on teachers judgement s and thus gives scope for stereotyping. this meant black pupils were seen worse than white's.
107
How does assessment lead to underachievement?
Black pupils are seen as less able, due to teachers racialized expectations, leading to them being put in lower classes.
108
What are University doing now to prevent unconscious bias?
No names on university applications from 2017, targeting unconscious bias.
109
What is an evaluation point that Chinese and Indian pupils achieve above average including sociologist?
Gilborn argues that Indian and Chinese pupils make the ideal 'model minority' and it conceals the fact that the system is institutionally racist. The fact that Chinese and Indians do better shows that the system is fair and meritocratic and justifies failure of ethnic minorities (don't work hard enough)
