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Class external Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of middle class?

A

Non manual occupations including professionals such as doctors and teachers.

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2
Q

What is the definition of working class?

A

Manual occupations including skilled workers such as plumbers and cleaners.

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3
Q

What gender and ethnicity tend to do the best in education?

A

Girls tend to do better than boys especially Chinese culture do the best.

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4
Q

Who has a tendency to perform better middle class or working class?

A

Middle class tend to do better on average and the class gap widens with age.

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5
Q

What did the center of longitudinal studies found out in 2007?

A

They found out by the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already 1 year behind those from a more privileged home.

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6
Q

What does internal factors mean?

A

Factors within the school and education system.

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7
Q

What does External factors mean?

A

Factors outside the education system.

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8
Q

How many pupils achieving 5 A* to C GCSE’s including English and Maths do the girl Chinese population get?

A

Girls who are not eligible for free school meals get around 80% and girls who are eligible for free school meals get around 78%.

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9
Q

How many pupils achieving 5 A* to C GCSE’s including English and Maths do the girl Black Caribbean population get?

A

Girls who are not eligible for free school meals get around 50 % girls who are eligible for free school meals get around 37%.

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10
Q

What is cultural deprivation?

A

It is the values, attitudes, language, behavior, self discipline and intellect and reasoning. This starts with primary socialization.

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11
Q

What are the 3 aspects of cultural deprivation?

A

Language
Speech codes
Parents’ education

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12
Q

How is language an aspect of cultural deprivation and name the theorist who speaks on language?

A

Bereiter and Englemann (1968) - claim that language used in lower class families is deficient, they communicate with gestures/ single words/disjointed phrases and children fail to develop necessary language skills as a result.

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13
Q

What does it mean if the language at home is deficient in lower class families?

A

They will grow up incapable of abstract thinking and unable to use language to explain, describe and compare, as a result unable to take opportunities the school offers.

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14
Q

How is Speech codes an aspect of cultural deprivation and name the theorist who speaks on language?

A

Bernstein (1975) he looks at how language at home influences achievement.

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of language codes described by Bernstein?

A

Restricted code

Elaborated code

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16
Q

What is the restricted code?

A

Typically for working class, limited vocabulary, not grammatical and unfinished sentences, descriptive rather than analytical and context bound( the speaker assumes that the listener share the same experience.)

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17
Q

What is the Elaborated code?

A

Typically for Middle class. wider vocabulary, longer and grammatically more complex sentences, communicating abstract ideas. It is context bound.

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18
Q

Why does speech codes give Middle classes an advantage in school?

A

Elaborated code is used in text books, teachers and exams. Middle class are early socialized into the elaborated code so feel at home in school and more likely to succeed whereas WC feel excluded.

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19
Q

What is Bernstein’s alternative view on speech codes in schools?

A

He recognizes that schools fail to teach them how to use the elaborated code.

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20
Q

How is Parental education an aspect of cultural deprivation and name the theorist who speaks on language?

A

Douglas (1964) - working class parents place less value on education. this means it gives MC an advantage because better educated parents can socialize there children correctly.

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21
Q

What are the 4 aspects of parental education?

A

Parental style
Parental educational behaviors
Use of income
Class income and parental education

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22
Q

What did Leon Feinstein say about educated parents in 2008?

A

Educated parents are more likely to use language to challenge their children to evaluate their understanding and abilities.

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23
Q

How is Parental style an aspect of Parental education which contributes to underachievement?

A

Emphasis consistent discipline and high expectations of their children and supports achievement by encouraging active learning.Whereas less educated parents marked as inconsistent. Emphasis on ‘doing as you are told’ preventing independence and poor motivation.

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24
Q

How is Parental educational behaviours an aspect of Parental education which contributes to underachievement?

A

Educated parents know what is needed for the success and so more likely to engage children with activities that will benefit them e.g museums. Working class are less educated place less emphasis on this.

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25
Q

How is Use of income behaviours an aspect of Parental education which contributes to underachievement?

A

Middle classs have higher income and spend it in ways that will benefit educational success e.g. educational toys. This is comparison to Working class who choose to spend money that doesn’t develop child’s intellect.

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26
Q

How is class,income and parental education an aspect of Parental education which contributes to underachievement?

A

Regardless of class, children with educated parents tend to do better. An educated parent understands value of education and what is need for success.

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27
Q

A lack of parental interest in child’s educational reflects what?

A

The subculture values of working class.

28
Q

What is a Subculture?

A

A subculture is a group whose values/attitudes differ from mainstream culture.

29
Q

Who is the Sociologists who claims WC subculture leads to educational achievement?

A

Barry Sugarman (1970)

30
Q

What does Sugarman claim?

A 
Working class subcultures has 4 main features that act as a barrier to educational achievement. Fatalism 
Collectivism, immediate gratification and present time orientation.
31
Q

What is Fatalism?

A

A belief in fate ‘ whatever will be, will be’ nothing you can do to change status. In contrast Middle class argue you can change your position through efforts.

32
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Value being a part of a group rather than the success of the individual. In contrast Middle class view is that an individual should not be held back by loyalty to a group.

33
Q

What is Immediate gratification?

A

Seeking pleasures now rather than making sacrifices to get rewards in the future. By contrast Middle class believe in deferred gratification, making sacrifices now for greater rewards later.

34
Q

What is Present time orientation?

A

Seeking the present as more important than the future, lacking long term goals, whereas Middle class have future time orientation that sees planning for the future as important.

35
Q

Why does working class sub-cultural values lead to underachievement?

A

Subculture beliefs and values are internalized through socialization process, Middle class values equip them for success, whereas WC values do not. Middle class parents pass on the values of their class by having secure jobs encouraging ambition.

36
Q

What is Compensatory education?

A

It aims to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools and communities in deprived areas.

37
Q

Name me 2 examples of Compensatory education.

A

Operation head start and Education Action zone (EAZ)

38
Q

What is Operation Head start?

A

Based in America which provide extra resources, intervene in early socialization process to compensate for deprivation in home. They aim for ‘planned enrichment’ to develop skills and motivation.

39
Q

What is EAZ ?

A

Socially disadvantaged area were given extra money and teachers to help schools to become better.

40
Q

What is the drawback of EAZ ?

A

Whitty ( 2008) pointed out that although some individuals achieved, the programme did not make significant impact on the gap of achievement.

41
Q

What is the argument against cultural deprivation?

A

Keddie (1973) states that it is a victim blaming explanation. She points out that a child cannot be deprived of its own culture and the Working class children are not CD but culturally different. They fail because they are put a system dominated by Middle class values. WC subcultures shouldn’t be deficient but should be worked on.

42
Q

What is Material deprivation?

A

Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessitates such as adequate housing and income.

43
Q

What did the department of education found out in 2012?

A

Barely a third of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSE’s at A-C.

44
Q

What are the 4 aspects of Material deprivation?

A

Housing
Diet and Health
Financial support and cost of education
Fear of debt

45
Q

How is housing an aspect of material deprivation?

A

Overcrowding means less room for Homework and distrusted sleep from sharing rooms. Children also in overcrowded houses are more exposed to damp causing ill health and families moving house can cause physiological stress, leading to absence of school.

46
Q

How is diet and health an aspect of material deprivation explaining a sociologist theory?

A

Marilyn Howard (2001) Poor diet and health leads to underachievement. Having poor nutrition leads to a weaken immune system, resulting in more absences from school due to illness.

47
Q

What did Williams in 1996 say out hyperactivity and anxiety?

A

The lower the social class the higher the rate of hyperactivity and anxiety.

48
Q

How is Financial support and cost of education an aspect of material deprivation explaining a sociologist theory?

A

David bull (1980) poor families have to manage without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance education achievement this is referred by bull as the cost of free schooling.

49
Q

Why might Financial support and cost of education lead a child to not feel apart of the school?

A

They feel they are not fitting in.

50
Q

What did Ridge found out with kids in poverty?

A

Children in poverty are likely to take on jobs such as babysitting, having a negative impact on school work.

51
Q

How is the Fear of debt an aspect of material deprivation explaining a sociologist theory?

A

Jackson (2005) claims working class are debt adverse, they are less likely to apply than most tolerant students (MC) for university.

52
Q

What does Bourdieu (1984) argue?

A

There are 3 types of capital, he argues both material and cultural factors contribute to educational achievement. He uses capital to explain why MC are more successful.

53
Q

What are the 3 types of capital?

A

Cultural
Social
Economic/material

54
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

Refers to the knowledge,attitudes,values,language and ability of the middle class.it is an inbuilt advantage in a middle classed controlled system.

55
Q

How is Bourdieu’s ideas similar to Feinstein?

A

Like feinstein he argues through socialization, Middle class get the ability to express abstract ideas. They gain an idea on what the education system wants for success. Working class lack this capital, leading to exam failure.

56
Q

What is Economic capital?

A

Money and wealth which gives you access to economic capital.

57
Q

Who tested Bourdieu’s ideas?

A

Sulivian (2001)

58
Q

How did Sulivian test Bourdieu’s ideas?

A

Conducted a questionnaire to access cultural capital of pupils across 4 schools asking a range of activities including reading, TV viewing habits. She also tested their vocabulary and knowledge of cultural figures.

59
Q

What was Sulivian (2001) finding’s?

A

Those who read complex fiction and watched serious TV documentaries develop wider vocabulary meaning a greater cultural capital. Those with the greatest cultural capital were most likely to be Middle class.

60
Q

Why might Working class with the same cultural capital of middle class children still not do better than Middle class at GCSE’s?

A

Middle class have greater resources and aspirations of Middle class and support.

61
Q

How can economic and Educational capital be converted into one?

A

Middle class children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet demands of the school curriculum. Also parents convert economic capital into education by sending children to private school.

62
Q

Why would functionalist say about the educational system?

A

Functionalists would argue school is meritocratic and everyone has equal opportunity to succeed. Failure is down to individual

63
Q

What would marxists say about the educational system?

A

Marxists would argue that the system of school is to serve the capitalist society, school prepares young people for the work world, helps socialise them into accepting inferior status

64
Q

What does the unequal social structure may explain?

A

The high levels of maternal deprivation faced by wc.

65
Q

What is another piece of evidence from Douglas to show that Wc parents do not value education?

A

Working class parents didn’t show up for parents evening.

66
Q

What is Ao3 evaluation for this?

A

It can be argued that working class parents work longer hours or do shift work and so cannot make parents evening.

67
Q

How can Middle class use there cultural capital to get their child into a better school

A

Middle class parents with cultural capital can use their understanding of the admission system to get their children into better schools which means better teaching. Leading to achievement

Sociology revision education (7 decks)

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