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ethnic differences in achievement Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do Lawson and Garrod define ethnic groups

A

people who share common history, customs and identity, as well as in most cases language and religion who see themselves as a distinct unit

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2
Q

what is an issue of studying ethnicity

A

a difficulty is the problem of deciding who to include in an ethnic group

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3
Q

DfES study (2012)

A

23% white boys on FSM gained 5 A*-C grades

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4
Q

who says that whites are going to be the worst performing group

A

hasting - whites becoming worse than Asians or black

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5
Q

why are black families unequipped for school

A

black children lack intellectual stimulation + enriching experiences as they are deprived culturally

so they are poorly equipped for school - lack of reasoning + problem solving skills

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6
Q

how can you link Engelmann and Bereiter to underachievement in black families

A

language spoken by low-income black American families is inadequate for educational success - disjointed, ungrammatical - unable to explain abstract ideas

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7
Q

is English as a second language a big factor in causing underachievement

A

2010 - pupils with EAL were only 3.2 points behind.
Mirza + Gillborn - Indian pupils do well regardless of not having English as their first language

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8
Q

what is the mainstream culture

A

MC values of ambition, competitiveness + willingness to make sacrifices to achieve long term goals

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9
Q

how does Sugarman link to the failure of black families

A

black WC families instil a fatalistic, live for today attitude that does value education

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10
Q

who argues that structure of black families causes educational failure

A

Moynihan - Black families headed by a lone mother, children are deprived adequate care as mother struggles financially in absence of breadwinner + homemaker

this absence means that boys lack a role model of male breadwinner - no male achievement figure

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11
Q

what is Moynihan’s cycle of cultural deprivation in black families

A

black families are headed by women, these women struggle to adequately socialise children as she struggles financially

inadequately socialised children from unstable families fail educationally + become inadequate parents themselves

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12
Q

what is the New Rights’ view of family structure affecting achievement (New Right socioloigist)

A

Murray - high rate of lone parenthood + lack of positive male figures lead to underachievement of some minorities

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13
Q

why do ethnic families underachieve according to Scruton

A

they fail to embrace mainstream British culture

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14
Q

why do Asian families do better than Black families according to this sociologist

A

Pryce - Asians are higher achievers because their culture is more resistant to racism - gives them greater sense of self-worth but Blacks are less cohesive + less resistant to racism = blacks have low self - esteem

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15
Q

why are Asians more resistant to racism compared to Blacks

A

impact of colonialism is much more culturally devastating. slavery meant that they lost their culture, language, religion,
whereas Asians family structure + culture was not destroyed by colonial rule

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16
Q

what is Sewell’s views of why black boys are underachieving

A

it is not the absence of father but lack of fatherly nurturing that leads to boys failing to overcome emotional + behavioural difficulties of adoloscence

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17
Q

According to Sewell where do black boys turn to as they have a lack of a fatherly figure in adolesecnce

A

street gangs offer boys perverse loyalty + love that presents boys with the media inspired anti -school personality

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18
Q

what us a big factor in Black boys themselves causing underachievement of other black boys according to this sociologist

A

black boys are subject to powerful anti - educational peer group pressure

most academically successful black boys felt that greatest barrier to success was pressure from other black boys

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19
Q

why do Blacks perform worse than Asians according to Sewell

A

Blacks are nurtured by MTV, the other is clocking on educational hour

black boys need to have greater expectations on them to raise their aspirations

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20
Q

why does Gillborn argue against Sewell about peer pressure from other black boys being the greatest academic barrier

A

Gillborn - it is not peer pressure but institutional racism within the educational system that systematically produces failure of black boys

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21
Q

how do Asian families achieve because of family structure according to this sociologist

A

Lupton adult authority in Asian families is similar to model that operates in education

respected behaviour to adults was expected from children. this has a knock - off effect in school, as parents supportive of school policies

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22
Q

survey of 16,000 students by McCulloch findings
why are the findings like that

A

ethnic minorities more likely to aspire going to university than white British pupils

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23
Q

why do Whites have lower levels of aspiration of going to university compared to ethnic minorities according to this study

A

Lupton’s study of 4 WC schools
2 predominantly white
1 largely Pakistani community
1 many ethnic minorities

teachers reported poorer levels of behaviour + discipline from white students - despite if not on FSM. teachers blamed on lack of parental support

in contrast ethnic minorities saw education as a way of social mobility

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24
Q

According to this sociologist why are whites more resistant to schools authority

A

Evans - whites in WC areas can be in a street culture that is brutal so young children learn how to withstand intimidation /- intimidate others

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25
Q

what is a criticism of Moynihan that lone parent families cause underachievement

A

Driver - lone parent families give women a sense of independence from watching the mother be the breadwinner and the homemaker

shows that girls can have careers too

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26
Q

who challenges Pryce’ s view that blacks fail because their culture is weak

A

Lawrence challenges Pryce’s view that pupils fail because their culture is weak. black pupils underachieve because schools are ethnocentric biased in favour of white culture

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27
Q

Keddie’s view of cultural deprivation

A

it is victim blaming explanation
ethnic minorities underachieve because they culturally different not culturally deprived

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28
Q

what are two alternatives to compensatory education

A

multicultural education - a policy that that recognises + values minority cultures + includes them in the curriculum

anti - racist education - a policy that challenges prejudice + discrimination that exists in education

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29
Q

statistic of ethnic minorities living in low- income households compared to white children

A

almost half of ethnic minorities live in low - income households against a 1/4 of white

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30
Q

statistics of ethnic minorities being unemployed

A

ethnic minorities almost x2 likely to be unemployed compared with whites

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31
Q

statistics of ethnic minorities to be homeless

A

x3 to be homeless

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32
Q

why ethnic minorities are in danger of unemployment

A
  • many live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment + low wage
  • cultural factors - purdah- prevents women from working
  • lack of language skills, + foreign qualification by UK employees
  • asylum seekers may not be able to take work
  • racial discrimination in the labour + house market
33
Q

why are ethnic minorities more likely to be FSM

A

they are more likely to be poor due to inequalities in the labour market
+ lower qualifications
they are materially deprived

34
Q

evidence of Chinese students students still performing better even if materially deprived

A

2011 - 86% of Chinese girls who received FSM achieved 5 A*- C grades compared to 65% of white girls who were not receiving FSM

35
Q

what does this sociologist say about the effects of low income ethnic families compared to low income whites

A

Modood says that children form low income families generally do bad

the effects of low income families were much less for ethnic households compared to whites

36
Q

masons view of racism embedded in ethnic lifes

A

discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethic origin

37
Q

how does racial discrimination lead to social exclusion and how does this make poverty even worse fir ethnic minorities

A

in housing discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard accommodation than white people of same class

employment - outright deliberate discrimination

38
Q

sociologist study of discrimination in the workplace

A

wood et al (2010) sent 3 closely matched job applications to each of 1,000 vacancies
fictious applicants using names associated with with ethnic minorities

  • one application from a white person
  • other two from ethnic minorities

1 in 16 ethnic applications offered interview
1 in 9 whites offered interviews

explains why members of ethnic minorities face unemployment

39
Q

according to these sociologists what is evidence that racism from teachers to black students causes underachievement

A

Gillborn + Mirza - in a education authority black children were highest performers on entry to primary school (ahead by 20 points)

at GCSE time, blacks had worst results of any ethnic groups (21 points below average)

40
Q

what challenges the theory that black children fail due to material deprivation

A

Strand, gillborn + mirza - blacks high achievers initially but as they progress they become worst achievers - how education treats them is the root cause

41
Q

how does labelling lead to ethnic minorities to fail

A

ethnic minorities seen far from the ideal pupils and so labelled negatively
leads to self fulfilling prophecy

failure is internalised

42
Q

what did these sociologists find out about black children and discipline??

A

Gillborn + Youdell - teachers quicker to discipline black pupils than others for same behaviour because of racialised expectations

teachers expected black students to present more discipline problems + misinterpreted their behaviour as threatening + challenge to an authority

teachers acted on this misperception and students reacted negatively

43
Q

what does Bourne say about exclusions and black boys

A

schools see black boys as a threat and to label them negatively, leading to exclusion

only 1 in 5 excluded pupils achieve 5 GCSEs

44
Q

studies on streaming that show that black pupils are unfairly put into low streams because of

A

the A - C economy teachers focus on students they believe are going to achieve high - not black people

negative stereotype of black pupils ability some teachers hold that they are low acahievers

45
Q

what does Foster conclude about teachers streaming black pupils

A

teachers stereotypes of black pupils as badly behaved results them in being put in low streams

results in self - fulfilling prophecy

46
Q

how are Asians subject to streaming, sociologists study evidence

A

Wright - study of multi - ethnic primary school
despite schools commitment to equal opportunity, teachers held ethnocentric views - english culture is superior

teachers assume Asians have a poor grasp of English so left them out on class discussions/ used simple lang
asians feel isolated when teachers expressed disapproval of their customs

Asians are marginalised + prevented from participating

47
Q

archer - what is the dominant discourse of the ideal pupil identity

A

white, middle class, normal sexuality
academic success achieved through the right way of natural ability

48
Q

Archer - what is the dominant discourse of the pathologised pupil identity

A

Asian, deserving poor, feminised identity, asexual / oppressed
conformist, over achiever
academic success achieved through the wrong way - through hard work rather than natural ability

49
Q

Archer - the demonised pupil identity

A

black/white, WC, hypersexualised, pupil is unintelligent, peer - led , culturally deprived

50
Q

according to this sociologist how are Asian girls mistreated in the education system

A

teachers stereotyped Asian girls as quiet, passive, docile, so when an Asian girl misbehaves, they are dealt with more severely than other pupils

51
Q

how are Chinese pupils pathologised according to Archer

A

while successful, Chinese seen as achieving success in wrong way - through conformism, not natural ability

they can never be the ideal pupil

52
Q

why are Asian students most likely to be seen as passive, conformist and tight according to Archer

A

teachers stereotyped Asians families as tight + close - explains passivity of asian girls
victims of oppressing house situations

53
Q

what are some responses to negative labelling

A

becoming withdrawn, disruptive or challenge their label + work extra hard

54
Q

Fuller’s study

A

study of black girls in year 11 in a London comprehensive school - low streams

girls channelled their anger toward academic success - did not seek approval from teachers appearance of not doing schoolwork but worked hard at home

girls behaviour is a way of meeting the contradictory demands of school - remaining friends with black girls in low streams + avoiding ridicule of black boy + achieving academically

55
Q

Mac an Ghaill’s study of black + Asian A level girls

A

students negatively labelled did not accept label. how they responded depended on experience at school e.g

girls at an all girls schools felt they could commit to education more - helped to overcome labels

56
Q

how does teacher racism cause ethnic minorities to be discouraged from being ambitious form careers according to his sociologist (girls)

A

Mirza - studied black girls who face teacher racism - teachers discouraged black pupils from choosing aspirational professional careers

57
Q

what are the types of teacher racism according to Mirza

A

the colour- blind - teachers who believe all students are equal but allow racism to go unchallenged

the liberal chauvinists - teachers believe black pupils are culturally deprived and have low aspirations of them

the overt racists - blacks are inferior + actively discriminate against them

58
Q

responses of stereotyping of black boys what sociologist

A

Sewell -
- the rebels influential group, rejected rules . conform to stereotype of anti- school black macho lad

the conformists - keen to succeed, friends from different ethnic groups - anxious of being stereotyped

the retreatists - isolated, disconnected from both school + subcultures

the innovators - pro - education but anti - schpp; . do not seek approval of teachers

59
Q

what is the problem in viewing teachers responsible for students underachievement

A

we have to ignore individual racism + look at institutional racism as a whole e.g Gillborn + Youdell A-C economy leading to black pupils being entered for low tier exams

60
Q

what is Troyna + Williams definitions of individual + institutional racism

A

individual racism - results from prejudiced views of individual teachers

institutional racism - discrimination that is built into the education system

61
Q

what is the critical race theory

A

racism is a ingrained feature of society
involves not just individuals actions but institutional racism as a whole

62
Q

how do Stokely Carmichael and Charles Hamilton see institutional racism as

A

less overt, more subtle.], less identifiable in terms of specific individuals committing the acts… It originates in the operation of established + respected forces in society

63
Q

how does this critical race theorist apply locked - in inequality to education

A

Gillborn - ethnic equality is deep rooted + so large that it is a inevitable feature of the educational system

64
Q

how is the educational system institutionally racist

A

-marketisation + segregation
-the ethnocentric curriculum
- assessment
- access to opportunities
-the new IQism

65
Q

how does marketisation allow institutional racism to undergo according to this sociologist

A

Gillborn - marketisation gives schools morer scope to select pupils - negative stereotypes influence decisions about school admissions

66
Q

what sociologists support Gillborns view that marketisation allows discrimination to affect choice in school admissions

A

Moore + Davenport american research

selection procedures leads to ethnic segregation with minorities failing to get into good school due to discrimination

e.g primary schools - language speaking difficulties are screened out, application process difficult to understand

67
Q

the commission for racial Equality (1993) identified what issues in school admissions

A

-reports from primary schools stereotyping minorities

  • racist bias in interviews for school
  • lack of information + application forms in minority languages
  • ethnic parents unaware of importance of deadlines
68
Q

what does ethnocentric mean

A

attitude/ policy that gives priority to the culture + viewpoint of a particular group while disregarding others - reflects dominant MC class culture

69
Q

examples of ethnocentric curriculum

A

languages literature + music
Troyna + Williams note meagre provision in teaching Asian languages opposed to European languages

history - Ball criticises national curriculum for ignoring history of ethnic people whereas paints British history as glorious

70
Q

according to this sociologist how does the ethnocentric curriculum cause underachievement

A

Coard - in History English history is presented as bringing civilisation to the primitive people they colonised
causes low - self esteem in black pupils

71
Q

a criticism of Coard

A

Even though ethnocentric curriculum ignores Asian culture, Indians, Chinese pupils achievement is above national average

72
Q

How do assessments cause underachievement according to this sociologist

A

Gillborn argues assessments are rigged to validate dominant culture superiority
if blacks are achieving, rules will be changed to make sure they fail

primary schools used to use baseline assessments however they were replaced in 2003 by the foundation stage profile and this made blacks underachieve

73
Q

what is a criticism of the gifted and talented programme according to Gillborn

A

Gillborn points out that official statistics show that whites are twice as likely than black caribbeans to be identified as gifted as x5 more likely than black african

74
Q

what does Tikly et al find in aiming high schools that treats whites and blacks differently

A

amongst 30 schools in aiming high initiative to raise Black caribbean achievement blacks nevertheless more likely than whites to be entered for low tier exams

75
Q

why do people criticise Gillborn in the aspect of black boys underachievement

A

Gillborn claims that black boys underachievement is from internal factors of education
however Sewell rejects this. racism in schools is not powerful enough to prevent individual from succeeding. in sewells view we must focus on EXTERNAL factors instead e.g nurturing role of the father + peer group pressure

76
Q

why is Gillborn criticised in terms of underachievement differences in different minorites

A

Indian + chinese pupils overachieve even though they are ethnic minorities - is institutional racism at fault as critical theorists assume

77
Q

how does Gillborn respond to criticisms of different ethnic minorities achieving even though the school education

A

-it makes educational system seem fair + meritocratic
- justifies the failure of other minorities
- ignores the fact that model minorities still suffer racism e.g Chinese face same amounts of racism as blacks

78
Q

what is an example of how ethnicity intersects with gender to affect child’s achievement

A

Connolly’s study of 5 and 6 year olds in a multi - ethnic inner city primary school

pupils + teachers construct masculinity differently depending on child’s ethnicity. Black boys seen as disruptive under - achievers so teachers focused them into sport
Asian boys were passive, conformist + academic seen as immature rather than threatening boys picked on them to assert masculinity + excluded them from football

sociology a level (19 decks)

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