Ethnic Differences: External

Question 1

Cultural deprivation theorists

Answer 1

• Children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation, so haven’t developed problem-solving skills.
• Black children are socialised to be fatalistic.
• Failure to socialise children adequately is a result of a dysfunctional family structure.
• However, C.D theorists ignore positive effects, e.g. black Caribbean families provide girls with a positive role model: strong, independent women.

Question 2

Engelmann

Answer 2

• Language spoken by low-income black American families is inadequate for educational success.
• Ungrammatical; disjointed.

Question 3

Sewell

Answer 3

• Black boys speaking in Standard English were seen as ‘selling out’ to the white establishment.
• Absence of fatherly nurturing means black boys turn to street gangs that offer ‘perverse loyalty + love’ - anti-school black masculinity.

Question 4

OFSTED

Answer 4

• EaL were only 3.2 points behind in GCSEs.
• Gillborn + Mirza: Indian pupils do well despite English not being their home language.

Question 5

Scruton

Answer 5

Low achievement in EM due to failing to embrace British culture.

Question 6

McCulloch

Answer 6

EM students are more likely to aspire to go to university.

Question 7

Moynihan

Answer 7

Black families headed by lone mothers are deprived of adequate care because she is struggling financially without a man.

Question 8

Murray

Answer 8

High levels of lone parenthood + lack of positive male role models leads to underachievement of some minorities.

Question 9

Pryce

Answer 9

• Asians are higher achievers as their culture is more resistant to racism; black Caribbean culture is less resistant, leading to low self-esteem.
• Lawrence: underachieve due to racism, not low self-esteem.

Question 10

Arnot

Answer 10

Ultra-tough ghetto superstar through rap lyrics.

Question 11

Lupton

Answer 11

Adult authority in Asian families is similar to a teacher.

Question 12

Keddie

Answer 12

EM children are culturally different, schools are ethnocentric - biased in favour of white culture + against minorities.

Question 13

Palmer

Answer 13

• Low income + substandard housing.
• ½ of all EM children live in low-income households; ¼ white.
• EM are 2x likely to be unemployed compared to whites.
• EM households are 3x likely to be unemployed.
• ½ Bangladeshi + Pakistan worker earn <£7 per hour; ¼ white British.

Question 14

Material Deprivation

Answer 14

• Live in economically depressed areas with high unemployment + low wages.
• Lack of language skills + foreign qualifications not recognised by the UK.
• Racial discrimination in the labour + housing market (Rex).

Question 15

Material Deprivation: Asian families

Answer 15

• Indian pupils - above average achievements come from better-off backgrounds, e.g. ethnic group most likely to attend private schools.
• Indian + Chinese materially deprived students do better than most: 86% of Chinese girls on FSM achieved 5+ grades on GCSE; 65% not receiving FSM.

Question 16

Racism in Wider Society

Answer 16

• Mason: ‘discrimination is a continuing feature of Britain’s citizens that are EM’.
• Rex: racial discrimination + social exclusion, e.g. housing: EM forced in substandard accommodation than whites of the same class.
• Wood: in employment, names associated with ethnic groups had less interviews.