ethnic differences Flashcards
what group falls at the bottom of league tables?
white gypsy
what group dominates league tables?
chinese
what is the attainment 8 of chinese pupils?
70%
what is the attainment 8 of indian pupils?
60%
what is the attainment 8 of white british pupils?
50%
what group has the smallest gap between gender in attainment 8?
chinese 3.4%
what gender always does better?
girls
which group has the highest gap between gender in attainment 8?
black 7.5%
how does being on free school meals correlate with underachievement?
being on free school meals always causes underachievement
what groups achievement is most affected by being on free school meals?
white british
17%
what groups achievement is least affected by being on free school meals?
chinese
2.9%
what group is the national average based on?
white british
within each ethnic group ______ children do better than _____ children
middle class do better than working class
what does Hasting (2006) recognise about white working class pupils?
white working class pupils make less progress than black or asian pupils between the ages of 11-16
what reasons are there for ethnic differences in educational achievement?
- cultural deprivation
- material deprivation
- racism in wider society
what factors make up the cultural deprivation reasoning of why there are ethnic differences in educational achievement?
linguistic skills
family structure
attitudes and values
which sociologists investigated linguistic skills (CD) ?
Bereiter and Engelmann (1966)
what did Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) find about linguistic skills in relation to (CD) and ethnic differences in achievement?
consider the spoken language of black American families as inadequate for educational success -
also children who do not speak english at home may be held back educationally
what sociologists investigated family structures (CD) in relation to ethnic differences in achievement?
Moynihan
Murray
Pryce
what did Moynihan find about family structures (CD) in relation to ethnic differences in achievement?
many black families are headed by a lone parent mother
their children lack adequate financial care and a male role model
what did Murray find about family structures (CD) in relation to ethnic differences in achievement?
lone parenthood leads to a lack of positive male role models
what did Pryce find about family structures (CD) in relation to ethnic differences in achievement?
traced the high rates of lone parent hood in the black community to be traced back to slavery
what did Sewell find about attitudes and values (CD) in relation to ethnic differences in achievement?
asian families tend to have an ‘asian work ethic’
what did Lupton find about attitudes and values (CD) in relation to ethnic differences in achievement?
adult authority in asian homes mirrors that of education
describe how attitudes and values (CD) impact educational achievement for black and EM children
black and EM children might be socialised into fatalistic subcultures
describe how attitudes and values (CD) impact educational achievement for white children
white WC are less likely to want to go to uni - may be result of a lack of parental support
describe Luptons study on attitudes and values of children
4 WC schools
2 mainly white, 1 pakistani, 1 mixed
found there was poorer behaviour and less aspiration in the white school despite having less children on FSM
lack of parental support
for ethnic minority parents education is a _____________ in society
way up
evaluate Bereiter and Engelmann’s view on linguistic skills (CD)
indian and chinese students are outperforming all other ethnic groups
Keddie - cultural deprivation theorists are victim blaming- black culture and language are different nit deficient
evaluate Murrays view on family structures (CD)
Driver suggests black families provide strong role models for girls
evaluate Pryce’s view on family structure (CD)
Sewell argues that it may be not the lack of a father figure but rather a lack of fatherly ‘tough love’
much of their identity stems from media influence which emphasises an ‘ultra tough ghetto superstar’
evaluate the tendency of black and EM students to have fatalistic attitudes
Lawrence suggests that black attitudes are not weaker but are the by product of racism in wider society
evaluate Sewell’s finding of the asian work ethic
pakistani and bangladeshi are, on average, not doing as well as other asian groups
what is Sewell’s main argument?
the biggest barrier facing black boys is actually black peer pressure
complete the evaluative sentences:
Geoffrey Driver criticises cultural deprivation theory for…
ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement
eg black girls get strong role models
what did the DFES research paper 2006 provide an insight to (MD)?
over 70% of bengali’s live in poverty
black africans have the highest persistent poverty rates
over 60% of irish travellers are elligable for free school meals compared to 7% of chinese
complete the fact (MD):
ethnic minorities are _______ as likely to be unemployed compared to white people
twice
explain why ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed compared to white people and the impact it may have on education?
class
language
barrier racism
Smaller housing, cramped conditions, poor diets less access to technology or funding for school trips
complete the fact:
_______ ethnic minority households live in overcrowded conditions, compared with only _______ of white households
15%
2%
Why amount of overcrowded conditions be higher in ethnic minority communities?
- less access to contraception
- culture
- moving in with families
What impacts might overcrowded conditions bring on educational achievement ?
trouble, no study, space, shared resources, disrupted learning
Find the Pakistani women are more likely to be engaged in low paid homework sometimes as little as £1.50 per hour. Why is this?
Religious group, language barrier, within communities
evaluate material deprivation when looking at educational achievement in ethnic minority groups
money isnt a factor for chinese groups
how does Madood (2004) evaluate material deprivation factors amongst EM pupils?
Poverty affects white peoples more than ethnic minorities
what sociologists looked at racism in wider society?
Noon and Woods
describe Noons investigation into racism in wider society
50 Evans
50 Patel
Evans got more job offers
describe Wood’s investigation into racism in wider society
1 in 16 Ethnic minority applications got interviews compared to 1 in 9 applications
What label is often attached to black students?
disruptive
what label is often attached to Asian students?
passive
What does Osler (2010) argue about black students?
Black students are more likely to suffer from in internal exclusions and sent to pupil referral units
what is stereotypes exist about Asian peoples?
they have a poor grasp of English
how many to excluded out of five achieve five GCSEs?
1/5
which theorist explores labelling against Asian pupils?
Cecil Wright
what Gillborn and Youdell argue about the A-C economy?
Black pupils are more likely to be placed in bottom, set an treated as hopeless cases due to the A-C economy
what do Gillborn and Youdell argue about labelling black students?
Teacher are quicker to label black pupils due to teachers racialised expectations
they see black pupils as anti authority
why might stereotypes surrounding Asian pupils lead to some Asian groups under achieving?
left out, given lower status knowledge
Gillborn and Youdell noticed that African Caribbean children were…
The highest achievers on entry to primary school yet by the time they came out to GCSEs, they had the worst results of any ethnic group
how is Gillborn and Youdell’s study of African Caribbean children evidence to suggest that external factors are not the main reason for ethnic minority underachievement?
labelling + SFP
streaming
pupil subcultures
complete the fact:
_____ of the English school population is BAME
31%
why might lower numbers of EM teachers lead to EM underachievement?
less representation
leads to fatalism
what did Jenny Bourne find about how schools view black boys?
schools see black boys as a threat
describe features of the ideal pupil identity
- white
- MC
- masculine identity
- normal sexuality
- achieving through natural ability and talent
describe features of the pathologised pupil identity
- deserving poor
- feminised identity
- repressed sexuality
- slugger who achieves through hard work
describe features of the demonised pupil identity
- black or white
- WC
- hyper sexualised
- inintelligent
- peer led
- culturally deprived
- underachiever
what sociologist found the three pupil identities?
Louise Archer
Archer found that achievement amongst EM’s is considered _______
overachievement
what sociologists looked at subcultural responses to teachers’s labelling and racism?
Fuller
Mirza
Mac and Ghaill
Sewell
what did Fuller study when exploring pupil responses and subcultures?
rejecting negative labels
describe Fullers study of rejecting negative labels
a group of black girls in year 11 in a London comprehensive school
girls were untypical high achiever
how does Fullers study of rejecting negative labels link to education and achievement?
instead of accepting negative stereotypes
girls channelled their anger into success - refused to be conformed
what did Mac and Ghaill study when exploring pupil responses and subcultures?
rejecting negative labels
what sociologist studies pupils rejecting negative labels?
Mary Fuller
Mac and Gahill
describe Mac and Ghaill study of rejecting negative labels
study of black and asian a level students who had been labelled
how does Mac and Ghaill study of rejecting negative labels link to education and achievement?
a label does not necessarily produces SFP
students can overcome this label
what did Mirza study when exploring pupil responses and subcultures?
failed strategies for avoiding racism
describe Mirza’s study of failed strategies for avoiding racism
study of black girls who faced teacher racism
how does Mirza’s study of failed strategies for avoiding racism link to education and achievement?
these strategies put them at a disadvantage by restricting teacher racism
what did Sewell study when exploring pupil responses and subcultures?
variety of boys responses
describe Sewell’s study on the variety of boys responses
focuses on the absence of boys’ fathers and their influence on peer groups snd street culture
how does Sewell’s study on the variety of boys responses link to education and achievement?
student responses to schooling can affect their achievement
what is institutional racism?
discrimination that is built into the way institutions operate
what areas of education can be examples of where institutional racism can be found?
- marketisation and segregation
- ethnocentric curriculum
- assessments
what is an ethnocentric curriculum?
curriculum that prioritises the culture of one particular group
what evidence is there of ethnocentric curriculums?
languages taught, literature, music
what evidence is there of marketisation and segregation in schools?
academies control their admissions
what does Gilborn argue about assessments?
the system is rigged to validate the dominate culture superiority
what evidence is there of assessments being features of institutional racism?
when teacher assessments began (2003) black children became unsuccessful
what are other forms of institutional racism?
- access to opportunities
- the new IQism
- BAME teachers
how is access to opportunities a feature of institutional racism?
access to opportunities:
whites are twice as likely to be identified as gifted and talented than black Caribbeans and five times more likely than black Africans
how is black and ethnic minority teachers a feature of institutional racism?
only 6.3% of teachers in Britain are from a BAME background
what are the criticisms of Gillborn?
- black boys and underachievement:
Sewell argues racism in schools is not powerful enough to prevent success - we should be looking at external factors - model minorities:
indian and chinese perform better than the white majority
critical race theory sees racism as…
an ingrained feature of society
how does Gillborn criticise those who use model minorities to criticise him?
it makes the system seem fair and meritocratic
it justifies the failure of the other minorities
it ignores the fact that model minorities still experience racism
define the term ‘ethnic group’
people who share a common history, customs and identity as well as, in most cases, language and religion, and see themselves as a distinct unit
what sociologists support critical racism theory?
Roithmaker
Gillborn
what does Roithmaker (CRT) claim?
institutional racism is a locked in inequality so large and historical that it is no longer a conscious thought
what does Ball claim about the ethnocentric curriculum?
little Englandism :
the national curriculum ignores black or asian history
