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class differences internal Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does it mean to label someone?

A

to attach a meaning or definition to them

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2
Q

what kind of theory is labelling theory?

A
  • bottom up
  • micro approach
  • from an interactionalist perspective
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3
Q

what type of label is typically attached to a working class student?

A

negative

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4
Q

how might a teacher treat a student based on the label of being intelligent?

A
  • give the student more independence, praise, positive reinforcement, more extending opportunities
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5
Q

how might a teacher treat a student based on the label of being low ability?

A

not pushing them, differentiation in work, lower expectations

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6
Q

what sociologists have studied labelling theory?

A
  • Becker (1971)
  • Jorgensen (2009)
  • Dunne and Gazeley (2008)
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7
Q

describe Howard Beckers (1971) study on labelling

A
  • interviewed 60 Chicago high school teachers and found they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the ‘ideal pupil’
  • children from middle class backgrounds were often closest to the ideal
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8
Q

according to Howard Beckers (1971) study on labelling, what key factors influenced teachers judgement?

A

pupils work, conduct and appearance

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9
Q

describe Amelia Jorgensen’s study on labelling

A
  • in largely working class primary school, where discipline was a major problem, the ideal pupil was defined as quiet, passive and obedient
  • thus judges on behaviour not ability
  • in a middle class primary school with few disciplinary problems, the ideal pupil was defined by personality and academic ability
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10
Q

what does Amelia Jorgensen’s study tell us about teacher labels?

A
  • labels are not fixed and can be context bound
  • there are different expectations
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11
Q

what is the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

when a person internalises a label attached o them and the label becomes true
the SFP is a prediction that comes true by virtue of it being made

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12
Q

according to Dunne and Gazeley (2008) how might teachers treat underachieving students from middle class backgrounds in comparison to students from a working class background?

A

MC - set them extra work
WC - entered in easier exams

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13
Q

what impact will the teacher treatment found by Duune and Gazeley (2008) have on the students involved?

A

MC will feel more support
WC may feel like they cant achieve much

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14
Q

according to Rist, what influenced the group placement of students?

A

based on childrens background and appearance
based on perception

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15
Q

in Rist’s study, what were the groups labelled as, and how were they treated ?

A
  • ‘tigers’ - fast learners, seated near the teacher, were showed greater encouragement
  • ‘cardinals and clowns’ - seated further away, given lower level books, few chances to show ability
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16
Q

what sociologist studied the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson

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17
Q

what was Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study of the self fulfilling prophecy called?

A

Pygmalion in the Classroom

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18
Q

what type of method did Rosenthal and Jacobson use in their Pygmalion in the Classroom study?

A

field experiments

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19
Q

what were Rosenthal and Jacobson trying to test in their Pygmalion in the Classroom study?

A

whether teachers expectations of children’s ability affect their progress

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20
Q

how did Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study illustrate the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

those ‘spurters’ did better and progressed more
shows that if teachers believe a pupil to be a certain type, they can actually make them that type

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21
Q

what case study can be used to evaluate Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study about the SFP?

A

Mary fullers study of black girls in a London comprehensive school rejecting their labels

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22
Q

define streaming

A

splitting pupils as young as six into into classes based on ability

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23
Q

what did Douglas find when observing the impact of streaming?

A

children placed in a lower stream at the age of 8 had suffered a decline in their IQ by the age of 11

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24
Q

why might streaming be a negative influence on disadvantaged students?

A

they’re given lower status knowledge

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25
Q

what is attainment 8?

A

the average of 8 gcse’s including maths, english and science

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26
Q

what can result from labelling?

A

pupil subcultures

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27
Q

when looking at league tables, progress 8 is…

A

value added

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28
Q

what are pupil subcultures?

A

a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns

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29
Q

what does Colin Lacey use to explain how pupil subcultures emerge?

A

concepts of differentiation and polarisation

30
Q

what sociologist uses the concepts of differentiation and polarisation to explain how pupil subcultures emerge?

A

Colin Lacey

31
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability and treating them accordingly

32
Q

what is polarisation?

A

student responses to differentiation by moving to either end of the opposite ‘poles’ in terms of behaviour and attitude

33
Q

what sociologist identified various types of subcultures?

A

Peter Woods

34
Q

what four main types of subcultures did Peter Woods identify?

A

ingratiation
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion

35
Q

describe Peter Wood’s ingratiation subculture

A

pro-school subculture
eagerness to please teachers

36
Q

describe Peter Wood’s ritualism subculture

A

lack of interest and engagement with schooling, but appearing to conform by going through the motion and avoiding trouble

37
Q

describe Peter Wood’s retreatism subculture

A

indifferent to school values and exam success
dropping out from involvement in school including subcultures

38
Q

describe Peter Wood’s rebellion subculture

A

rejection of schooling
involvement in anti school activity

39
Q

what features might a pro school pupil have?

A
  • middle class
  • high streams
  • gain status through academic success
40
Q

what features might an anti school pupil have?

A
  • working class
  • low streams
  • gain status through alternative means
41
Q

what sociologist studied ‘delinquent’ subcultures?

A

Hargreaves

42
Q

what subculture did Hargreaves study?

A

delinquent subcultures

43
Q

what sociologist evaluated subcultures?

A

John Furlong (1984)

44
Q

how did John Furlong (1984) evaluate pupil subcultures?

A

pupils are not committed to any one response, but may move between different types for eg different teachers

45
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
1.

A
  1. students try to gain status in school through legitimate means
46
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
1. students try to gain status in school through legitimate means
2.

A
  1. despite their attempts, WC students are labelled negatively by teachers are treated accordingly
47
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
1. students try to gain status in school through legitimate means
2. despite their attempts, WC students are labelled negatively by teachers are treated accordingly
3.

A
  1. WC students then give up trying to succeed through legitimate means, they seek out other students like them
48
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
1. students try to gain status in school through legitimate means
2. despite their attempts, WC students are labelled negatively by teachers are treated accordingly
3. WC students then give up trying to succeed through legitimate means, they seek out other students like them
4.

A
  1. students find similar minded people who underachieve
49
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
3. WC students then give up trying to succeed through legitimate means, they seek out other students like them
4. students find similar minded people who underachieve
5.

A
  1. students try to gain status in new ways by inverting the norms and values of education
50
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
4. students find similar minded people who underachieve
5. students try to gain status in new ways by inverting the norms and values of education
6.

A
  1. WC students find new, deviant means of gaining status - as a result an anti school subculture has formed
51
Q

what is the process of joining a subculture?
5. students try to gain status in new ways by inverting the norms and values of education
6. WC students find new, deviant means of gaining status - as a result an anti school subculture has formed
7.

A
  1. they are further labelled as negative - pushing the students further into their subcultures
52
Q

other than John Furlong, what other evaluations are there of labelling, streaming and subcultures?

A

Marxists
this theory is deterministic
it isnt a true ‘micro’ perspective

53
Q

explain the Marxist evaluation of labelling, streaming and subcultures

A

capitalist systems want the WC to fail in order to fill up the lower paid roles within society
labelling is a process that helps this happen

54
Q

explain the fact this theory is deterministic as an evaluation of labelling, streaming and subcultures

A

it assumes a general response
ignores free will

55
Q

explain the fact this isnt a true ‘micro’ perspective as an evaluation of labelling, streaming and subcultures

A

we have free will and we must therefore research how our free will impacts us

56
Q

what type of habitus does the education system have?

A

middle class

57
Q

what sociologist recognised symbolic violence?

A

Bourdieu (marxist)

58
Q

what does Bourdieu suggest about the WC habitius?

A

by deeming it a inferior, symbolic violence reproduces class structures and keeps the WC in their place

59
Q

how does symbolic violence link to the self fulfilling prophecy?

A

WC pushed more away from MC habitus
pushed into subculture groups
negative labelling
self fulfilling prophecy

60
Q

what did Archers study on working class identity show?

A

many WC students feel they would need to change to fit into the education system
instead young people find their own solution to symbolic violence - seek to generate worth through their investments in style

61
Q

explain the links between nike identities and labelling / self fulfilling prophecy

A

style regarded as tasteless by the MC, leads to the rejection of higher education, leads to negative teacher labelling, leads to SFP
WC get message education is ‘not for the likes of them’

62
Q

why are nike identities a reaction against school habitus?

A

promotes WC preference for a particular lifestyle as a means of gaining their own status

63
Q

summarise Ingram’s (2009) study on identity and success

A

relationship between WC identity and educational failure
however some WC do succeed
2 groups of WC catholic boys from the same area, one in grammar school one not

64
Q

what does Ingram’s (2009) study on identity and success tell us about WC values?

A

they value community and it strongly influences who they are

65
Q

what is the impact of the working classes tendency to value community and let it strongly influences who they are?

A

choosing to remain with their community rather than pursuing higher education and leaving
pressure to fit in

66
Q

what sociologist studies a group of 21 WC girls form a south London comprehensive school?

A

Sarah Evans (2009)

67
Q

what did Evans find in her study of WC girls form a south London comprehensive school?

A

WC may not go to Russel groups out of fear of not fitting in or their WC locality
self exclusion ultimately narrows their options

68
Q

describe the features of Oxford university?

A

the best
capital
traditional / historical

69
Q

describe the features of London Met university?

A

diverse
accessible
variety

70
Q

what type of theory is labelling?

A

bottom up
interactionalist

71
Q
A

sociology education (9 decks)

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