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class differences external Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why would overcrowding be an issue when it comes to school work?

A
  • less room for educational acivities
  • no where to do homework
  • disturbed sleep from sharing/bedroom
  • risk of accidents
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2
Q

why might dampness or poor conditions have a negative impact on a young persons education?

A

ill health, infections, accidents
- leads to gaps in learning

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3
Q

why would regular house movements lead to gaps in learning?

A

constant changes in school leads to disturbed education, distractions and psychological distress leading to more absences

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4
Q

a poor diet can lead to a lower immune system. why might this be an issue when it comes to learning?

A

lowers energy, increases the risk of catching infections which means more absences and lowers concentration levels.

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5
Q

a poor diet high in sugars or E numbers may lead to a child becoming…?

A

hyperactive, over excited etc

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6
Q

why might a child being hyperactive, and over excited be an issue when it comes to learning?

A

problems focusing in school,
lower concentration levels,
‘externalising’ behaviour such as fighting and temper tantrums

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7
Q

foods lacking in nutrition are not likely to provide energy. why might this be an issue in the classroom?

A

increases tiredness,
loss of motivation,
loss of focus

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8
Q

why might the conservative initiative to increase university fees have had a greater negative impact on WC students?

A

they wont be able to afford the costs,
may have to work extra jobs,
debt burden and no support

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9
Q

why might a lack of financial support from home be problematic for a low income student?

A

less money for transport, stationary, textbooks etc
limits university options (local),
will also have to work full time

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10
Q

what is the total cost to parents within an average year?

A

£1600

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11
Q

how may the cost of schooling impact WC students?

A

not enough money, free school meals and hand me downs lead to bullying.

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12
Q

what are the factors (or issues) relating to material deprivation?

A

housing, diet and health, fear of debt and finances, cost of schooling

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13
Q

how did covid impact child poverty?

A

cost of living crisis, more families using food banks and needing support, family earning fell

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14
Q

what percentage of children under 5 live in poverty?

A

34%

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15
Q

what is the attainment 8 score?

A

the average score of 8 academic gcses including maths, science and english

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16
Q

define class

A

when people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status.

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17
Q

what factors affect socioeconomic status?

A

income level,
education level,
occupation,
family and social support,
wealth,
access to good nutrition

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18
Q

what are the categories of socioeconomic status?

A

high, middle and low

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19
Q

define cultural deprivation

A

lacking in values, attitudes, language, behaviour, self discipline, intellect and reasoning

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20
Q

explain how private schools relate to class differences

A

these schools only educate 7% of the population but account for nearly half of all students entering elite universities

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21
Q

which sociologists related language to WC underachievement?

A

Bereiter and Engelmann

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22
Q

explain Bereiter and Engelmanns study of language

A
  • language used in lower class homes is deficient
  • because parents do not communicate effectively with their children.
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23
Q

which sociologist relates speech codes to WC unerachievement?

A

Bernstein

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24
Q

explain Bernsteins study of speech codes

A

WC children fail to develop the necessary language skills to succeed at school - they speak the restricted code

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25
Q

what does culture deprivation theory start with?

A

the assumption that working class culture is not only different but also deficient

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26
Q

what are the factors of parental education impact socialisation?

A
  • parental’s educational behaviours,
  • use of income,
  • class income and parental education,
  • parenting style
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27
Q

how does a parents educational behaviour impact socialisation?

A

educated parents know what is needed for their child’s success - more likely to engaging in enrichment activities

28
Q

what type of activities may be considered enriching?

A

reading, visiting museums and libraries

29
Q

how does a parents use of income impact a child’s socialisation?

A
  • better educated tends to mean higher income,
  • parents will buy educational toys and games which encourage reasoning skills.
30
Q

how does a parents class, income and education impact their child’s socialisation?

A

regardless of class, children who have better educated parents tend to do better in school.

31
Q

how could a parents parenting style impact their child’s socialisation?

A
  • educated parents -
    emphasise consistent discipline and high expectations by encouraging active learning
  • less educated -
    harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasises ‘doing what you are told’ which prevents independence and self control
32
Q

describe the elaborated code

A

wider vocabulary, complex sentences, communicate abstract ideas, context free

33
Q

describe the restricted code

A

limited vocabulary, simple sentences, context bound

34
Q

what does cultural deprivation theory start with?

A

the assumption that working class culture is not only different but also deficient

35
Q

define class

A

when people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status

36
Q

what factors affect socioeconomic status?

A
  • income level
  • educational level
  • occupation
  • family and social support
  • wealth
  • access to good nutrition
37
Q

what are the categories of socioeconomic status?

A

high, middle, low

38
Q

define cultural deprivation

A

lacking in attitudes, values, language, behaviour, self discipline, intellect and reasoning

39
Q

what are the ‘right’ attitudes and values?

A

middle class values

40
Q

define social capital

A

the social networks of influence and support that people have

41
Q

what does Bourdieu argue educational success is largely based on?

A

the possession of cultural capital

42
Q

what did Leech and Campos suggest?

A

selection by mortgage - catchment area

43
Q

what is pupil premium?

A
  • additional funding for publicly funded schools in England
  • to raise the attainment of disadvantaged pupils of all abilities
  • to close the gaps between them and their peers
44
Q

what is the aim of pupil premium?

A

to close the gaps between disadvantaged pupils and their peers

45
Q

what sociologist tested Bourdieu’s theories?

A

Alice Sullivan

46
Q

how did Alice Sullivan test Bourdieu’s theories?

A
  • used questionaires to conduct a study of 465 pupils in four schools.
  • to test their ‘cultural capital’ she asked them about a range of activities.
  • she also tested their vocabulary and knowledge of cultural figures
47
Q

what type of activities did Alice Sullivan ask the pupils in her study about?

A

reading and TV viewing habits, and whether they visited art galleries, museums and theatres

48
Q

what does compensatory education aim to tackle?

A

cultural deprivation

49
Q

how does compensatory education aim to tackle cultural deprivation?

A

providing extra funds and resources to schools and communities in deprived areas

50
Q

what are some examples of compensatory education?

A
  • operation head start
  • education action zones
  • sure start
51
Q

what sociologist evaluates cultural deprivation?

A

Keddie
‘myth of cultural deprivation’

52
Q

describe primary socialisation

A

happens at home, early childhood

53
Q

define social capital

A

refers to the social networks of influence and support that people have

54
Q

Bourdieu argues that education success…

A

is largely based on the possession of cultural capital

55
Q

what did Leech and Campos discuss?

A

selection by mortgage (catchment area)

56
Q

what sociologists talk about selection by mortgage?

A

Leech and Campos

57
Q

define economic capital

A

money

58
Q

define education capital

A

better equip to meet demands of the school / better qualifications

59
Q

explain some benefits of economic capital

A
  • can afford the ‘costs of schooling’ ‘selection by mortgage’ or send children to private schools
  • money can help provide more ‘educational’ trips
60
Q

explain some benefits of social capital

A
  • can provide links to help with demands of education
  • agents of socialisation might encourage activities that develop intellect
61
Q

explain some benefits of cultural capital

A
  • elaborated code makes school easier
  • knowledge from educational games and trips makes students better prepared
62
Q

summarise how operation head start helps to overcome cultural and material deprivation

A
  • extra resources
  • aim was ‘planned enrichment’ to develop skills and motivation
  • included parenting skills class etc
  • sesame street was one resulting factor
63
Q

summarise how sure start helps to overcome cultural and material deprivation

A
  • new labour initiative to tackle poverty and social exclusion
    -centres were set up in local areas however funding cuts have seen most centres shut down
64
Q

summarise how educational action zones help to overcome cultural and material deorivation

A
  • socially disadvantaged areas were given extra money
65
Q

what did Whitty (2008) to evaluate educational action zones?

A

although some individuals achieved, the reforms did not make a significant impact on the gap of achievement

66
Q

what relationship did Alice Sullivan find between cultural capital and education?

A
  • children who read complex fiction and watched serious TV documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and greater cultural knowledge
  • indicated greater cultural capital
  • these were children of graduates and were more likely to be successful at GCSE
67
Q

why might WC children with the same cultural capital of MC children still not do as well in their GCSE’s (according to Sullivan’s findings) ?

A

-cultural capital only accounted for part of the class difference in achievement
-the greater resources and aspirations of middle class families explain the remainder of the class gap

sociology education (9 decks)

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