class differences external Flashcards
why would overcrowding be an issue when it comes to school work?
- less room for educational acivities
- no where to do homework
- disturbed sleep from sharing/bedroom
- risk of accidents
why might dampness or poor conditions have a negative impact on a young persons education?
ill health, infections, accidents
- leads to gaps in learning
why would regular house movements lead to gaps in learning?
constant changes in school leads to disturbed education, distractions and psychological distress leading to more absences
a poor diet can lead to a lower immune system. why might this be an issue when it comes to learning?
lowers energy, increases the risk of catching infections which means more absences and lowers concentration levels.
Howard (2001) a poor diet high in sugars or E numbers may lead to a child becoming…?
hyperactive, over excited etc
why might a child being hyperactive, and over excited be an issue when it comes to learning?
problems focusing in school,
lower concentration levels,
‘externalising’ behaviour such as fighting and temper tantrums
foods lacking in nutrition are not likely to provide energy. why might this be an issue in the classroom?
increases tiredness,
loss of motivation,
loss of focus
why might the conservative initiative to increase university fees have had a greater negative impact on WC students?
they wont be able to afford the costs,
may have to work extra jobs,
debt burden and no support
why might a lack of financial support from home be problematic for a low income student?
less money for transport, stationary, textbooks etc
limits university options (local),
will also have to work full time
what is the total cost to parents within an average year?
£1600
how may the cost of schooling impact WC students?
not enough money, free school meals and hand me downs lead to bullying.
what are the factors (or issues) relating to material deprivation?
housing, diet and health, fear of debt and finances, cost of schooling
how did covid impact child poverty?
cost of living crisis, more families using food banks and needing support, family earning fell
what percentage of children under 5 live in poverty?
34%
what is the attainment 8 score?
the average score of 8 academic gcses including maths, science and english
define class
when people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status.
what factors affect socioeconomic status?
income level,
education level,
occupation,
family and social support,
wealth,
access to good nutrition
what are the categories of socioeconomic status?
high, middle and low
define cultural deprivation
lacking in values, attitudes, language, behaviour, self discipline, intellect and reasoning
explain how private schools relate to class differences
these schools only educate 7% of the population but account for nearly half of all students in oxford and Cambridge university
which sociologists related language to WC underachievement?
Bereiter and Engelmann
explain Bereiter and Engelmanns study of language
- language used in lower class homes is deficient
- because parents do not communicate effectively with their children.
which sociologist relates speech codes to WC unerachievement?
Bernstein
explain Bernsteins study of speech codes
WC children fail to develop the necessary language skills to succeed at school - they speak the restricted code
what does culture deprivation theory start with?
the assumption that working class culture is not only different but also deficient
what are the factors of parental education impact socialisation?
- parental’s educational behaviours,
- use of income,
- class, income and parental education,
- parenting style
how does a parents educational behaviour impact socialisation?
educated parents know what is needed for their child’s success - more likely to engaging in enrichment activities
what type of activities may be considered enriching?
reading, visiting museums and libraries
how does a parents use of income impact a child’s socialisation?
- better educated tends to mean higher income,
- parents will buy educational toys and games which encourage reasoning skills.
how does a parents class, income and education impact their child’s socialisation?
regardless of class, children who have better educated parents tend to do better in school.
how could a parents parenting style impact their child’s socialisation?
- educated parents -
emphasise consistent discipline and high expectations by encouraging active learning - less educated -
harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasises ‘doing what you are told’ which prevents independence and self control
describe the elaborated code
wider vocabulary, complex sentences, communicate abstract ideas, context free
describe the restricted code
limited vocabulary, simple sentences, context bound
what does cultural deprivation theory start with?
the assumption that working class culture is not only different but also deficient
define class
when people are divided into sets based on perceived social or economic status
what factors affect socioeconomic status?
- income level
- educational level
- occupation
- family and social support
- wealth
- access to good nutrition
what are the categories of socioeconomic status?
high, middle, low
define cultural deprivation
lacking in attitudes, values, language, behaviour, self discipline, intellect and reasoning
what are the ‘right’ attitudes and values?
middle class values
define social capital
the social networks of influence and support that people have
what does Bourdieu argue educational success is largely based on?
the possession of cultural capital
what did Leech and Campos suggest?
selection by mortgage - catchment area
what is pupil premium?
- additional funding for publicly funded schools in England
- to raise the attainment of disadvantaged pupils of all abilities
- to close the gaps between them and their peers
what is the aim of pupil premium?
to close the gaps between disadvantaged pupils and their peers
what sociologist tested Bourdieu’s theories?
Alice Sullivan
how did Alice Sullivan test Bourdieu’s theories?
- used questionaires to conduct a study of 465 pupils in four schools.
- to test their ‘cultural capital’ she asked them about a range of activities.
- she also tested their vocabulary and knowledge of cultural figures
what type of activities did Alice Sullivan ask the pupils in her study about?
reading and TV viewing habits, and whether they visited art galleries, museums and theatres
what does compensatory education aim to tackle?
cultural deprivation
how does compensatory education aim to tackle cultural deprivation?
providing extra funds and resources to schools and communities in deprived areas
what are some examples of compensatory education?
- operation head start
- education action zones
- sure start
what sociologist evaluates cultural deprivation?
Keddie
‘myth of cultural deprivation’
describe primary socialisation
happens at home, early childhood
define social capital
refers to the social networks of influence and support that people have
Bourdieu argues that education success…
is largely based on the possession of cultural capital
what did Leech and Campos discuss?
selection by mortgage (catchment area)
what sociologists talk about selection by mortgage?
Leech and Campos
define economic capital
money
define education capital
better equip to meet demands of the school / better qualifications
explain some benefits of economic capital
- can afford the ‘costs of schooling’ ‘selection by mortgage’ or send children to private schools
- money can help provide more ‘educational’ trips
explain some benefits of social capital
- can provide links to help with demands of education
- agents of socialisation might encourage activities that develop intellect
explain some benefits of cultural capital
- elaborated code makes school easier
- knowledge from educational games and trips makes students better prepared
summarise how operation head start helps to overcome cultural and material deprivation
- extra resources
- aim was ‘planned enrichment’ to develop skills and motivation
- included parenting skills class etc
- sesame street was one resulting factor
summarise how sure start helps to overcome cultural and material deprivation
- new labour initiative to tackle poverty and social exclusion
-centres were set up in local areas however funding cuts have seen most centres shut down
summarise how educational action zones help to overcome cultural and material deorivation
- socially disadvantaged areas were given extra money
what did Whitty (2008) to evaluate educational action zones?
although some individuals achieved, the reforms did not make a significant impact on the gap of achievement
what relationship did Alice Sullivan find between cultural capital and education?
- children who read complex fiction and watched serious TV documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and greater cultural knowledge
- indicated greater cultural capital
- these were children of graduates and were more likely to be successful at GCSE
why might WC children with the same cultural capital of MC children still not do as well in their GCSE’s (according to Sullivan’s findings) ?
-cultural capital only accounted for part of the class difference in achievement
-the greater resources and aspirations of middle class families explain the remainder of the class gap
What was Keddies’ (1973) arguement for the myth of cultural deprivation?
Cultural deprivation is viewed as victim blaming. She argues that a child cannot be deprived of their own culture. The WC fail because they are put at a disadvantage by discrimination from the MC dominated education system.
According to Wilkinson (1996) study, among ten year olds, which social class had the most hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders?
The lower the social class, the increase in hyperactivity, anxiety, and conduct disorders
What percentage of failing schools are in deprived areas?
90%
According to Machin (2007) study, children from low income families had what type of behaviour?
externalising behavior
When and where did the operation head start scheme start?
A multi-billion dollar scheme of pre-school education in poorer areas in the US introduced in the 60s.
Why was sesame street started as part of the ‘head start’ scheme
Providing a means of transmitting values, attitudes and skills needed for educational success (e.g, importance of punctuality, numeracy and literacy)
What did Bernstein and Young find in their (1967) study
middle class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities
Feinstein (2008) study argues that parents own education is…
the most important factor affecting children’s achievement , and since they are usually better educated they have an advantage on how to socialize them
What do cultural deprivation theorists argue that a lack of parental interest in education reflect
the subculture values of the working class
Define subculture
A group whose attitudes and values differ from those of a mainstream culture
What do cultural deprivation theorists argue that WC have different from the rest of society
goals, beliefs, attitudes and values, and this is why WC children fail at school
what four features does Barry Sugarman (1970) argue act as a barrier to educational achievement
Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
present-time orientation
Explain Fatalism
a belief in fate - that ‘whatever will be, will be’ and there is no way in changing your status.
What does fatalism contrast?
Middle class values, which emphasizes that you can change your position through your own effort
explain collectivism
Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual.
What does collectivism contrast?
Contrasts the middle-class view that an individual should not be held back by group loyalties.
explain immediate gratification
seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future.
what does immediate gratification contrast?
contrasts the middle-class values emphasizing deferred gratification, making sacrifices now for the greater reward later
explain present time orientation
seeing the present as more important than the future and so not having long-term goals
What does sugarman argue WC children do to lead them to underachieving
internalize the beliefs and values of their subculture through socialisation
What causes these differences in values (between WC and MC) to exist according to Sugarman
Stems from the fact that middle-class jobs are secure careers offering prospects for continuous individual advancements. This encourages ambition, long term planning and a willingness to invest time and effort in gaining qualifications.
What does Keddie (1973) argue working class children are
Argues that WC children are simply culturally different, not culturally deprived.
What solution does Keddie offer for closing the education achievement gap between social groups
Keddie argues that rather than seeing working-class culture as deficient, schools should recognize and build on its strengths and should challenge teachers’ anti-working-class prejudices.
What does Troyna and Williams (1986) argue
The problem is not the childs’ language but the schools attitude towards it. Teachers have a ‘speech heirachy’ labelling MC speech highest , followed by WC speech and finally black speech.
What critic rejects the view that WC parents are not interested in their childrens education and why
Blackstone and Mortimore (1994) WC parents attend fewer parents evenings, not because of lack of interest but because they work longer or irregular hours or are put off by the schools MC habitus. They may want to help their child progress but they lack the knowledge and education to do so.
According to Department of Education (2012) what percentage of students recieving FSM achieve 5 or more GCSES (A* - C)
barely a third of pupil qualified for FSM
According to Flaherty (2004), what is a significant problem that leads to non-attendance in school
money problems
which sociologist refers to ‘the cost of free schooling’
David Bull (1980)
What did the study by Tanner et al (2003) in the oxford area find
the cost of items such as transport, uniforms, books, computers, and sports have a heavy burden on poor families
What sociologist argued that the fear of stigmatization explained why 20% of FSM students did not use it to not get teased.
Flaherty
According to ridge, what types of jobs did children from poverty take up and what was its impact
babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds, this had a negative impact on their schoolwork.
What did the coalition government get rid of that reduced amount of WC students in higher education
Education maintenance allowance - financial support for students in 16+ education
What did callender and Jackson find in their study of debt (questionnaire with 2000 students) ?
attitude to debt was a very large decider of whether or not going to uni was an option,
How likely where debt adverse WC students to apply for uni?
five times less likely than most debt tolerant students (middle class)
What did Diane Reay (2005) study identify
WC students were more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home and save on travel costs , however this gave them less opportunities to go to further distanced prestigious unis.
What is evidence that material factors are only ‘a part’ in achievement
cultural, religious and political values of the family may play a part in maintaining a child’s motivations despite poverty.
What does feinstein suggest about parents regardless of income
educated parents (regardless of income) make a positive contribution to a childs achievement (through motivation, primary socialisation, work ethic)
What do Mortimore and Whitty (1997) argue
material inequalities have the greatest effect on achievement
How does Peter robinson (1997) respond to Mortimore and Whitty (1997)
he argues that from their idea, tackling child poverty would be the most effective way to boost achievement
What does Leech and Campos (2003) study of coventry identify
middle class parents are more likely to be able to afford homes in the catchment area of a school that is highly placed on the exam league tables.
