Ethics in Health Care Flashcards
Discipline that examines one’s moral standards or standards of society
Ethics
Standards that one has about what is right and wrong, good or bad
Morality
Not established or changed by decision of particular authoritative bodies; preferred to other values; impartial
Moral standards
Who formulated the Stages of Theory of Moral Reasoning?
Lance Kohlberg
What was the dilemma presented in the Theory of Moral Reasoning?
Heinz Dilemma
Focus of pre-conventional stage
Me
Focus of conventional stage
Others, group
Focus of post-conventional stage
Global perspective
Respecting others and the rules that are needed for the good of all
Law and Order
Please others and earn their approval
Interpersonal Concordance
Feeling a sense of empathy
Individualism and Exchange
First stage in the Theory of Moral Reasoning
Reward and Punishment
Where ethical reasoning happens
Post-conventional stage
A commitment to the universal principles
Universal Principles
Universal principles (3)
Equality for all, social justice, respect for human dignity
Recognizes that all values and norms are relative, and that there are fair ways for reaching a consensus
Social contract and individual rights
Who came up with the Anatomy of an Ethical Decision?
Manuel Velasquez
What is the Anatomy of an Ethical Decision (5)
Moral standards > Gather information > Moral judgment > Choose a course of action > Communicate Well
Benefits and costs in consideration of the bigger group; greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Utilitarianism
Also known as the Categorical Imperative framework
Kantian Ethics
It can be safely prescribed as a law for everyone
Categorical Imperative
The 2 Principles of Kantian Ethics
Universality, Reversability
Golden Rule: “What if everybody did that?”
Reversability
Applied to anybody because they will agree with it
Universality
Also known as the ethics of duty and rationality
Kantian Ethics
Characteristics which make a person the best he/she could be
Virtue
An action is right if it is what a virtuous person would do
Virtue Ethics
Proponents of Virtue Ethics
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Self actualization will bring about _____________
Authentic happiness (eudaimonia)
Emphasis on what can be done to produce the sort of character that instinctively does the right thing to do (habit, journey)
Virtue Ethics
Communitarian Ethics
Ethics of Care
Proponent of the Ethics of Care
Carol Gilligan
True or False: Ethics of Care forces us to focus on the moral value of being impartial
False
Recognition of the existence of a supernatural being, whose existence is a fact
Christian Ethics
Self actualization is not an end of Christian Ethics, but is a ___________.
By-product
Who was the proponent of the Hedonic Calculus?
Benham
What are the variables measured to calculate utility?
Intensity Fecundity Proximity Purity Certainty Duration
What are the four principles of ethics?
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Respect for autonomy
Justice
Requires intentionality regarding actions that can cause or risk harm
Non-maleficence
Puts premium on benefits and happiness
Beneficence
Acting in such a way that enables another person to act fully in accordance with self-chosen plan
Respect for autonomy
Autonomy is present if person has
Liberty, agency
Ought to give what is due a person
Justice
Angeles Model of Ethical Reasoning (7)
Gather information Identify stakeholders Articulate dilemma Look at alternatives Weigh values Determine consequences Make a decision
Matrix of comparing values
Values upheld
Values compromised
Alternatives
Consequences
Litmus test in making decision
Publicity
Legality
Time
UNESCO Model of Ethical Decision Making
Fact Deliberation Value Deliberation Duty Deliberation Consistency test Final Decision
