Ethics final exam 3

Question 1

Cultural Relativism and Universal Ethics

Answer 1

Cultural relativism - morals vary by culture

universal ethics - some morals apply everywhere

Question 2

Metaethics and moral facts

Answer 2

metaethics - how we understand morality

moral facts - whether there are objective truths in morality that exist beyond personal or cultural views

Question 3

Moral Relativism (3 kinds)

Answer 3

cultural relativism, individual relativism, descriptive relativism

Question 4

How does the UDHR represent universal ethics

Answer 4

rulebook for treating people fairly and respectfully, no matter where they are from. Everyone deserves dignity

Question 5

Universal Moral Grammar

Answer 5

humans possess an ability to understand and develop moral principles and judgments. Born with an understanding of right and wrong.

Question 6

Ethics of Care (influence of psychology on philosophy)

Answer 6

empathy and relationships in moral decision-making. psychology deals with emotions and relationships play a big role in how we make moral choices.

Question 7

Kohlberg’s Stages

Answer 7

preconventional level (moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment), conventional level (influenced by the desire to conform to social norms and gain approval from others), postconventional level (made based on recognition of social contracts and individual rights)

Question 8

Heintz Dilemma

Answer 8

In the Heinz dilemma, a man’s wife is sick, and the only medicine that can help her is too expensive for him to buy. He considers stealing it. People are asked what they should do, and their answers help them understand how they think about right and wrong.

Question 9

Gilligan’s Response to Kohlberg

Answer 9

didn’t consider how women often focus on caring and relationships in moral decisions. She thought moral thinking depended on the situation and relationships, not just universal rules.

Question 10

Definition of Care from Tronto and Fisher

Answer 10

define care as the activity of addressing the needs of others, particularly in relationships where there’s a responsibility or expectation to help. It’s about recognizing and responding to the needs and vulnerabilities of others, often involving emotional connection and practical support.

Question 11

Nel Noddings’ views on ethics of care

Answer 11

approach to ethics that is grounded in the principles of care and relationality, emphasizing the importance of human connection and empathy in fostering a more compassionate and ethical world.

Question 12

Virginia Held’s contributions to ethics of care

Answer 12

urther develop and refine this moral perspective, highlighting the importance of relationships, context, and empathy in ethical theory and practice

Question 13

Ethical Egoism

Answer 13

moral philosophy that prioritizes self-interest as the guiding principle for ethical decision-making. It stands in contrast to other moral theories that emphasize considerations such as altruism, duty, or the greater good.

Question 14

Krishnamurti’s views on education, intelligence, ambition, the meaning of life

Answer 14

He encourages a holistic approach to life that goes beyond superficial pursuits and embraces the depth and complexity of human consciousness.

Question 15

Plato’s Allegory of the Cave as it pertains to philosophy of education

Answer 15

education involves seeing the truth. Plato believed that you have to desire to learn new things; if people do not desire to learn what is true, then you cannot force them to learn

Question 16

Forms of Intellectual Development (dualism, etc.)

Answer 16

Dualism (concrete knowledge/perspectives)

Multiplicity (subjective knowledge/perspectives)

Contextual Relativism (procedural knowledge/perspectives)

Commitment in Relativism (constructed knowledge/perspectives)

Question 17

Perry’s countervailing forces to growth

Answer 17

population growth, technological innovation, government policies, global economic conditions, income inequality, environmental factors, and geopolitical instability. These factors can either support or hinder economic growth, depending on how they’re managed and balanced within the economy.

Question 18

What does Pratt say we gain by moving into learning processes of change?

Answer 18

by engaging in learning processes of change, we gain the ability to adapt and evolve more effectively. Learning processes of change involve continuously acquiring knowledge, skills, and insights as we navigate and respond to changes in our environment.

Question 19

bell hooks main points on love and community

Answer 19

There is no better place to learn the art of loving than community.” Once we have looked inside, loving requires we look outside ourselves and build a loving world. We can be students of love in community. We can practice love. We can become more loving.

Question 20

Frankl’s approaches to a meaningful life

Answer 20

through deeds, the experience of values through some kind of medium (beauty through art, love through a relationship, etc.) or suffering.

Question 21

Ricard and Revel On Ambition

Answer 21

ambition, when used wisely, can drive progress for individuals and society. But they warn against ambition without limits, which can lead to harm. They suggest finding a balance between ambition and ethical behavior for positive outcomes.

Question 22

Porritt the Self and Knowledge

Answer 22

self-discovery is crucial for learning and personal development.

Question 23

“Good Souls” - your interview assignment

Answer 23

Your assignment is to interview people who are known for being kind, compassionate, and honest. Ask them about why they act the way they do, the challenges they face, and how they make a difference in their communities. This will help you understand what makes them special and how their actions inspire others.

Question 24

Ethical Theories

Answer 24

different perspective on what constitutes ethical behavior and provides a framework for ethical decision-making.