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Ethics > Ethics Exam 1 > Flashcards

Ethics Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ethical Egoism Definition

A

The theory that the right action is the one that best advances one’s own interests

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2
Q

Self-Love is bad love because…

A

You can get conceited or self-centered

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3
Q

Self-Love is good love because…

A

You build yourself up and have confidence

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4
Q

Good or Bad Argument? “We want to look out of ourselves. Therefore, we ought to look out for ourselves”

A

Bad Argument

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5
Q

What is the oral duty of Ethical Egoism?

A

To promote the most favorable balance of good over bad for oneself.

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6
Q

What needs to be put first in Ethical Egoism?

A

Your own welfare.

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7
Q

When do you help the interests of others in Ethical Egoism?

A

Only if it helps promote your own good

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8
Q

Is Ethical Egoism the same thing as self-indulgence?

A

No

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9
Q

Is Ethical Egoism the same thing as recklessness?

A

No

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10
Q

Does Ethical Egoism tell us to do whatever we want?

A

No

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11
Q

Does Ethical Egoism tell us to seek the most immediate pleasures?

A

No

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12
Q

Does Ethical Egoism tell us to consider the long term effects on ourselves?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What is Psychological Egoism?

A

The view that the motive for all of our actions is self-interest

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14
Q

(Psychological Egoism) Whatever we do we do because…

A

We want to promote our own welfare

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15
Q

Is Psychological Egoism Normative or Descriptive?

A

Descriptive

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16
Q

Is Ethical Egoism Normative or Descriptive?

A

Normative

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17
Q

Does Ethical Egoism follow Psychological Egoism?

A

No because Psychological Egoism is descriptive while Ethical Egoism is normative

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18
Q

What would happen if Psychological Egoism tried to form an argument against Ethical Egoism?

A

It would cause the is/ought fallacy

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19
Q

Is Psychological Egoism true?

A

According to most philosophers, No

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20
Q

Is Ethical Egoism true?

A

Not according to most philosophers

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21
Q

What does Ethical Egoism say about telling an undetectable lie that would maximize your own interest and ruin an innocent person?

A

To tell the lie because doing so is morally right, not doing so is wrong

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22
Q

Utilitarianism

A

The morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil (good - bad), everyone considered.

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23
Q

Classical Utilitarianism

A

That of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill - defines good in terms of pleasure.

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24
Q

Anything that has value causes pleasure. Therefore…

A

Anything that causes pleasure has value.

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25
Q

Utilitarianism is a philosophy worth only of ____

A

Swine. (Swine do what they want and whatever makes them feel pleasurable)

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26
Q

What does Mill mean by happiness?

A

Pleasure

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27
Q

What are the two types of pleasure?

A

Higher and lower pleasure

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28
Q

Higher Pleasure

A

Reading a book or doing something that makes you happy and isn’t a necessity

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29
Q

Lower Pleasure

A

A pleasure that satisfies a necessity. (Ex. Eating when hungry. Drinking when thirsty)

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30
Q

Is hedonism a degrading doctrine to humans, according to Mill?

A

No, but some people think it is degrading.

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31
Q

What is Hedonic Calculus?

A

A calculus devised by Mill that is used to obtain the total amount of pleasure.

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32
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of happiness used in Hedonic Calculus?

A
  1. Intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Fecundity (fruitfulness for producing more pleasures)
  4. Propinquity (nearness)
  5. Likelihood
  6. How much pain?
  7. How many are affected?
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33
Q

According to hedonism, what should you always do?

A

What causes the most pleasure. (Ex. If watching Miley Cyrus while eating Doritos produces the best hedonistic sum it is the right thing to do.)

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34
Q

What does Mill think about pleasure?

A

The quality of pleasures matter as much as the quantity.

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35
Q

According to Mill, can some pleasures be more valuable than others?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What is Egoism?

A

Promoting your own best interest.

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37
Q

What is Ethics (Moral Philosophy)

A

The Philosophical study of morality

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38
Q

What is the question that Ethics asks?

A

How out we to live?

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39
Q

Descriptive Ethics

A

The scientific study of moral beliefs and practices

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40
Q

Normative Ethics

A

The study of the principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions or judgements

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41
Q

Metaethics

A

The study of the meaning and logical structure of our moral beliefs

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42
Q

Applied Ethics

A

The application of moral norms to specific moral issues, particularly those in a profession such as medicine or law.

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43
Q

Morality

A

Beliefs concerning right and wrong, good and bad

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44
Q

What does morality do?

A

Helps guide our actions, defines our values, and gives us reasons for being the persons we are.

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45
Q

Extrinsically Valuable (Instrumentally Valuable)

A

Value as a means to something else

46
Q

Intrinsically Valuable

A

Valuable in itself, for its own sake

47
Q

What is Moral Theory?

A
  1. Explains what makes an action right
  2. Supposed to identify the essence of rightness
  3. Helps us make moral judgments
  4. Helps us derive moral principles
  5. Helps us resolve conflicts between moral statements
48
Q

What is Moral Code?

A

Simply a set of rules

49
Q

Do Moral Codes provide a means for resolving conflicts?

A

No

50
Q

Consequentialist Theories

A

What makes an action right is its consequences, specifically the good that it produces

51
Q

Nonconsequentialist Theories

A

The rightness or wrongness of an action does not depend entirely on consequences. It depends primarily or completely on the nature action itself.

52
Q

What are 3 Consequentialist Theories?

A
  1. Utilitarianism
  2. Classical Utilitarianism
  3. Ethical Egoism
53
Q

What are 3 Nonconsequentialist Theories?

A
  1. Kant’s Theory
  2. Natural Law Theory
  3. Divine Command Theory
54
Q

Natural Law Theory

A

The morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature

55
Q

Divine Command Theory

A

The morally right action is the one God commands

56
Q

Conditional Statements (AKA)

A

If then statements

57
Q

What is the “If” part called?

A

Antecedent

58
Q

What is the “Then” part called?

A

Consequent

59
Q

Modus Ponens

A

The way that affirms. If an argument, or statement, is Modus Ponens, it is valid.

60
Q

Modus Tollens

A

The way that denies. If an argument, or statement, is Modus Tollens, it is valid.

61
Q

Denies the Antecedent

A

Makes the argument or statement invalid

62
Q

Affirms the consequent

A

Makes the argument or statement invalid

63
Q

If an argument is valid, then…

a. Its conclusion must be true
b. Its premises are all true
c. If the premises are all true, the conclusion must be true
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

A

C. If an argument is valid, then, if the premises are all true, the conclusion must be true.

64
Q

If God Exists, then all is well. All is not well. Therefore God does not exist.

The above argument is
A. Valid
B. Invalid

A

A. Valid

It is an example of Modus Tollens

65
Q

If God Exists, then all is well. All is well. Therefore God exists.

The above argument is
A. Valid
B. Invalid

A

B. Invalid

It affirms the consequent

66
Q

Is/Ought Fallacy

A

Ex. Everyone lies, therefore everyone ought to lie.

67
Q

Ethical Relativism

A

The view that one ought to follow the rules of one’s culture, that there is nothing more to morality than that.

68
Q

If ethical relativism is true..

A

Moral change in a culture is neither progress nor decline

69
Q

“People do seek happiness” is
A. Descriptive
B. Prescriptive (Normative)

A

A. Descriptive

70
Q

“People ought to seek happiness” is
A. Descriptive
B. Prescriptive (Normative)

A

B. Normative

71
Q

“Different Cultures have different moral standards” is
A. Descriptive
B. Prescriptive (Normative)

A

A. Descriptive

72
Q

If Ethical Relativism is true, moral progress or decline in a culture is not possible, only change. Ethical Relativism is true. Therefore, moral progress or decline in a culture is not possible, only change.

The above argument is
A. Valid
B. Invalid

A

A. Valid

73
Q

If Ethical Relativism is true, moral progress or decline in a culture is not possible, only change. Moral progress or decline in a culture is possible, not mere change. Therefore, Ethical Relativism is false.

The above argument is
A. Valid
B. Invalid

A

A. Valid

74
Q

What is the common consensus among philosophers about Ethical Relativism?

A

It is false

75
Q

If an argument is valid, then

A

If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true

76
Q

If an argument is sound, it is also valid

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

77
Q

If an argument is sound, its conclusion is true

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

78
Q

If different cultures have different moral standards, then Ethical Relativism is true

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

79
Q

If Ethical Relativism is true, when a culture changes its morals, the change is neither moral progress nor moral decline.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

80
Q

If something is the case, then it ought to be the case

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

81
Q

If a statement is prescriptive

A. It is normative
B. It is descriptive

A

A. It is normative

82
Q

If Ethical Relativism is true, then one’s culture is always by definition right

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

83
Q

If Ethical Relativism is true, a moral reformer who seeks to reform a culture’s morals is always by definition wrong.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

84
Q

The consensus among philosophers is that Ethical Relativism is

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

85
Q

If candy is dandy, then liquor is quicker. Candy is dandy. Therefore liquor is quicker.

The above argument is
A. Valid
B. Invalid

A

A. Valid

86
Q

There really is a difference between good reasoning and bad

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

87
Q

Ethical Egoism is the view that self love is bad love

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

88
Q

Ethical Egoism is

A. Descriptive
B. Normative

A

B. Normative

89
Q

We want to look out for ourselves, therefore we ought to look out for ourselves.

The above statement is valid
A. True
B. False

A

B. False

90
Q

Because Ethical Egoism tells us to promote our own interests, it also tells that we should not consider the interests of others at all

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

91
Q

Ethical Egoism tells us to do only what we want to do, since doing what we want is always in our interest

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

92
Q

Psychological Egoism is

A. Descriptive
B. Normative

A

A. Descriptive

93
Q

Psychological Egoism is the view that

A

The motive for all our actions is self interest

94
Q

Psychological Egoism is an important theory because if it is true, Ethical Egoism is true as well

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

95
Q

According to the text, experience teaches us that there is always a self interested motive for every action

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

96
Q

If a person will derive satisfaction or pleasure from an action, that fact alone means the act is egoistic

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

97
Q

Ethical Egoism is a consequentialist view

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

98
Q

According to consequentialist views, actions do not have consequences

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

99
Q

According to consequentialist theories, the consequences of an act are irrelevant to its moral worth

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

100
Q

Ethical Egoism has always been widely help by philosophers

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

101
Q

A person who lives by Ethical Egoism might have self-interested reasons for being kind, honest, and trustworthy and might therefore be a morally good person.

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

102
Q

Utilitarianism is the view that the right act is the one that provides the most favorable balance of good minus bad for oneself

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

103
Q

Utilitarianism is a consequentialist view, meaning that according to Utilitarianism, the consequences of an act are irrelevant to its moral worth

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

104
Q

Hedonism is the view that pleasure alone is intrinsically valuable

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

105
Q

Bentham and Mill are both Hedonists

A. True
B. False

A

A. True

106
Q

Hedonism is

A. Normative
B. Descriptive

A

A. Normative

107
Q

Mill rejects utilitarianism, calling it a doctrine worthy only of swine.

A. True
B. False

A

B. False

108
Q

What is not one of Bentham’s 7 characteristics of pleasure?

A

Moral Goodness

109
Q

When Mill says that the utilitarian standard gives moral consideratoon to all sentient creation, he means

A

Anything that can feel pain or pleasure.

110
Q

Because utilitarianism is a theory that makes claims about right and wrong…

A

It is a normative theory

111
Q

What would Mill regard as a higher pleasure?

A

Reading a book

Ethics (5 decks)

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