Ethics Bullets Flashcards
A set of rules of human behavior, which has been influenced by the standards set by the society or by himself in relation to his society.
Ethics
Non-moral standards by which we judge manners as good or bad.
Standards of Etiquette
Non-moral standards by which we judge an action to be legally right or wrong
Standards of Law
Non-moral standards by which we judge what is grammatically right and wrong.
Standards of Language
Non-moral standards by which we judge good and bad art.
Standars of Aesthetics
Non-moral standards by which we judge how well a game is being played.
Standards of Athletics
Ethics came from the Greek word _____ which means customs, usage or character.
Ethos
It deals with the nature of moral judgement and prescribes moral principles or maxims for us to follow if we are to live moral lives.
Meta-ethics
It is concerned with the content of moral judgement and the criteria for what is right or wrong. It attempts to answer our questions regarding practical ends of human action. It also offers practical guidance on how people should behave.
Normative Ethics
It involes examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality.
Applied Ethics
It is a conscious, voluntary and free act. It does not force nor coerce a person to perform an act.
Human Act
It is the foundation of morality and depends on truth and makes you responsible for your actions.
Freedom
We experience this when we begin to look at things as moral in their capacity to provide pleasure and prevent pain. It prioritizes the pursuit of pleasure and happiness.
Hedonistic Lifestyle
The set of rules or customs that determine the accepted and proper behaviors in a particular social group. It is concerned with proper behavior that makes us show respect and courtesy to others.
Etiquette.
It is an ordinance of reason, promulgated by legitimate authority for the purpose of the common good.
Law
The sense of good serves as a _____ in each person to actualize a world that is just.
Moral Power
Moral standards that they apply to all who are in the same situation.
Universal Validity
According to Aristotle, moral virtue is attained by means of ______?
Habit
He said that having virtue means doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, toward the right people.
Aristotle
Aristotle, a Greek Philosopher is the one who developed this theory of ethics?
Virtue Ethics Theory
It reflects the ancient assumption that humans have a fixed nature and it focuses on the determination of what makes a person or character good rather than what makes the action good.
Virtue Ethics Theory
According to Aristotle, it is the ultimate purpose of a person.
Eudaimonia or Happiness
Ethical Theory that is developed by St. Thomas Aquinas.
Natural Law Ethics
What are these?
- The Object of the End of an Action
- The Intention of the Agent
- The Circumstances
Three Determinants of Moral Action
It is considered as inalienable rights.
Natural Rights
It claims that what makes an action right or wrong are the consequences of the action. It focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions to determine their moral value.
Teleological Ethical Theory
This ethical theory places special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of the action. It claims that our motivation to do good comes from our idea of “duty”.
Deontological Theory
The most prominent Deontological Theory was propounded by a German Philosopher. Who is he?
Immanuel Kant
Based on Kant, the only correct motive for moral actions is duty, in which he calls _____. One acts with good will if he/she does the right thing for the right motive/reason.
Acting from duty.
These are the commands that we should follow if we want something.
Hypothetical Imperative
These are the commands we must follow, regardless of our desires. It is the source of “moral from within”.
Categorical Imperatve
An action is considered to be good if it passes through the principles of categorical imperative. What are these principles?
- Universality Principle
- Humanity Principle/Respect for Person
- Autonommy Principle
- King of Ends Principle
It is a situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable.
Dilemma
Dilemmas that involve human actions which have moral implications.
Ethical/Moral Dilemma
Involve situations wherein two or more moral requirements conflict with each other and that the moral agent hardly knows which of the conflicting moral requirements takes precedence over the other.
Epistemic Moral Dilemmas
Involve situation wherein two or more moral requirements conflict with each other but neither of these conflicting moral requirements overrides each other.
Ontological Moral Dilemmas
A dilemma that is caused by the wrong doing of the moral agent.
Self-imposed Dilemmas
It means that certain events in the world place the agent in a situation of moral conflict.
Worl-Imposed Moral Dilemmas
Situations in which more than one feasible action is obligatory.
Oblligation Dilemma
Involve cases in which all feasible actions are forbidden.
Prohibition Dilemma
Situation is which the moral agent is compelled to act on two or more equally the same moral options but she cannot choose both.
Single Agent Dilemma
Involves several people like family, an organization or a community who is expected to come up with a consensual decision on a moral issue at hand.
Multi-person Dilemma
Why do moral dilemmas arise?
Due to inconsistency in our principle
It is concerned about the rightness or wrongness of human action.
Morality
He is the proponent of Moral Development Theory
Lawrence Kohlerg
Under this level of moral development theory is centered on the pain and pleasure of the consequences of the action performed.
Preconventional Level
During this level, an individual learns to follow rules and conforms to the expectations of the society in which s/he belongs to.
Conventional Level
This is the highest level wherein an individual realizes that the ethical principles are not only based on the rules or conventions that his society dictates but based on using one’s free will and how he understands a situation using his full rationality.
Post-conventional Level
It is an ethical theory which claims that the consequences of an action are the ones that ultimately matter.
Consequentialism
A philosophy advocating the greatest happiness of the greatest number. It embodies the principle of utility which states that “we should always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greates number of people.”
Utilitarianism
A British philosopher that is regarded as the founder of utilitarianism particularly quantitative hedonistic utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham is considered as _____ because of his support of extending education to people of all classes and religion.
Spiritual Father
What framework does Bentham provide for evaluating pleasure and pain.
Hedonistic Calculus or Calculus of Felicity
It is the belief that morality is determined by the acquisition of pleasure.
Hedonism
He refined the original utilitarianism of Bentham and he is known for his short exposition of the theory of individual liberty and the right to freedom of speech.
John Stewart Mill
It focuses on the qualitative differences among the type of pleasures.
Qualitative Hedonistic Utilitarianism
It is concerned with the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens to individuals in social institutions.
Justice
