Ethics And Morality Prt.2

Question 1

Ethies, as a specific field or branch of philosophy, is traditionally divided into two general areas or major parts:

Answer 1

General Ethics
Special (Applied) Ethies

Question 2

considered as the basic course in the study of Ethics.

Answer 2

General Ethics

Question 3

mainly deals with the morality of human acts (its major clements of constituents and modifiers, the norms of morality (law and conscience), and the specific determinants of morality (major sources of morality).

Answer 3

Genera Ethics

Question 4

essentially applies the specific and fundamental norms an principles of General Ethics in various specific areas of human life and activity,

Answer 4

Special or Applied Ethics

Question 5

It is applied both in the individual and social domain (Individual Ethics and Social Ethics), such as in the areas of family, the Stat, the Church, and other societal issues and concerns (rights and duties. ecology/environment. labor and work ethies, sex an marriage, bioethies, politics and government, ete.).

Answer 5

Applied or Special Ethics

Question 6

understood as a rule, standard, or measure.

Answer 6

norm

Question 7

Specifically, it is something by which an ay or conduct is measured as good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral.

Answer 7

Norm

Question 8

Richard Gula defines _____ as “the criteria of judgment about the sorts of person we ought to be and the sorts of actions we ought to perform”

Answer 8

norm

Question 9

, we mean the standard of right and wrong in human actions. This is precisely the very reason why certain actions are considered as morally good and others as morally bad

Answer 9

norm of morality

Question 10

“standards that indicate the rightfulness or wrongfulness, the goodness or evilness, the value or disvalue of [human conduct]”

Answer 10

norm of morality

Question 11

four types of norms or standards within the ethos or mores of a community.

Answer 11

Technical Norm
Societal Norm
Aesthetic Norm
Ethical or Moral Norm

Question 12

• “This refers mainly to man’s needs which come from his bodily space-time limitations.

Answer 12

‘Technical Norm

Question 13

This norm has to do with survival, health and well-being.

It is concerned with problems of effecting change, of transforming the natural world, the problems of coping with natural forces….

Answer 13

‘Technical Norm

Question 14

[this]… norm is concerned with the techniques of (how certain things pertaining to survival, among others, should be done or not done]….[and]…because of [these]… every community [then] prescribes certain proper ways of working and doing things.

Answer 14

‘Technical Norm

Question 15

For example, there are the
‘right” way of preparing the field for planting rice, the ‘correct way of constructing the roof of a house, [ete.]. because of this technical norm certain community members are considered ‘good.’ meaning good workers, … efficient and productive. Others are considered lazy, good-for-nothing..

Answer 15

‘Technical Norm

Question 16

“that’s not the proper way to wash the dishes, “your manner of dribbling the ball is bad,” “your way of fixing that broken door knob is not good,” “you ought to do the PowerPoint presentation this way,” “her approach in solving that math problem is wrong.”

Answer 16

Technical Norm

Question 17

• “This [particular (ype of norm) has [something] to do with the need for group cohesion and for strengthening the bonds that keep the community together.

Answer 17

Societal Norm

Question 18

In relation to this norm, for example, certain manners or attire, certain ways of speaking or of conducting oneself, certain rituals and ceremonies are considered ‘proper” and ‘fitting,’
‘appropriate’ or ‘recommended,’ because they maintain and strengthen the bonds that keep the community together.

Answer 18

Societal Norm

Question 19

Other ways of behavior are prescribed or frowned upon because they are unmindful of or destructive of social relations.”

Answer 19

Societal Norm

Question 20

“you ought to knock first before you open the door,” “one should not pick one’s nose in public,” “it’s not right to talk that way in the presence of visitors,” “one must not talk while one’s mouth is full,” “one ought to follow the rituals set forth by her fraternity when it comes to accepting new members.’

Answer 20

Societal Norm

Question 21

These and other similar examples belong to the category of etiguette or what is known as “GMRC”

Answer 21

Societal Norm

Question 22

• “This refers to typical perceptual forms regarding color, shape, space, movement, sound, feeling and emotion, touch and texture, taste, scent and odor…which are considered by the community as
  “ennobling,’ ‘cathartic,” “heightening man’s existence,’ or ‘beautiful,’ because they represent a certain free play and celebration of the human spirit.”

Answer 22

Aesthetic Norm

Question 23

“country music is good.” “the latest Star Wars movie is bad.” “the food sold at the school enfeteria is terrible.”
“Leonardo da Vinci’s painting is admirable,” “the color of my cthics teacher’s hair is disgraceful,” “my female students” styles of dressing are obnoxious.” “Vice Ganda’s fashion sense is simply outragcous,* “President Duterte’s manner of speaking is utterly disgusting.”

Answer 23

Aesthetic Norm

Question 24

• “This norm refers to some ideal vision of [a human person]. an ideal stage or perfection of (his/her being]. which serves as the ultimate goal and norm.

Answer 24

Ethical or Moral Norm

Question 25

In relation to (this kind off norm. (the human person] and his [or her) actions are judged to be right or wrong. good or bad.
Because of this ideal vision of [what a human person should be), a community has what is sometimes called the ‘non-negotiables,’ those things which the community cherishes and considers of ultimate worth. which [also] give ultimate sense and direction to human existence.

Answer 25

Ethical or Moral Norm

Question 26

Therefore, all the other norms-technical, societal, aesthetic-are to be subordinated to this moral [or ethical] norm.

Answer 26

Ethical or Moral Norm

Question 27

Characteristics of Moral Principles (PPPAOURI)

Answer 27

Reasonability
Impartiality
Prescriptivity
Overridingness
Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority
Publicity
Practicability
Universalizability

Question 28

• This means that primarily. (moral judgments must be backed by good reasons [or arguments]. …if we want to discover the truth [about what’s good and bad, right and wrong] we must let our feelings land emotions] be guided as much as possible by reason.

Answer 28

Reasonability

Question 29

This is the essence of morality.
The morally right thing to do is always the thing best (italics mine) supported by…[sound] arguments..
. In this way, moral judgments are different from expressions of personal taste”Thus, we can be confident that something is right if it is “reasonable.

Answer 29

Reasonability

Question 30

” If it does not appeal to reason and common sense/experience. then it has to be viewed with suspicion and reservation.

Answer 30

Reasonability

Question 31

• This means that an ethical or moral rule should be neutral when it comes to the question as to who are its recipients.

Answer 31

Impartiality

Question 32

Moral standards are supposed to apply to everyone regardless of one’s status and situation in life. “Morality requires the impartial consideration of each individual’s interests”

Answer 32

Impartiality

Question 33

for us to wear so we’ll be able to treat everyone fairly and justly-irrespective of our differences, especially the ones brought about by the
“lucky stars” we have at birth (natural lottery/luck of the draw).

Answer 33

Impartiality

Question 34

Moral rules should not advance the interest of a few, or worse, of one person alone. “To be impartial is to treat everyone alike, no one gets special treatment.

Answer 34

Impartiality

Question 35

to be _____ is to show favoritism.

Answer 35

partial

Question 36

also requires that we [should) not treat the members of particular groups [italics included in the original] as inferior.

Answer 36

Impartiality

Question 37

Thus it condemns (all’ forms of discrimination like sexism and racism”

Answer 37

Impartiality

Question 38

• This refers to the practical, or action-guiding nature of morality.

Answer 38

Prescriptivity

Question 39

This is also “the
commanding aspect of morality.” “Moral principles are generally put forth as some kind of commands or imperatives” since they are intended to direct people on what to do and to avoid.

Answer 39

Prescriptivity

Question 40

They try to influence the way we act in accordance with certain rules of conduct.

Answer 40

Prescriptivity

Question 41

Examples of this are injunctions or imperatives such as: “Do not kill,” “Do no harm to your fellowmen,” “Love your neighbor,” “Do not steal.” “Tell the truth,” among others. All normative disciplines, such as Law and Theology, do share this particular characteristic.

Answer 41

Prescriptivity

Question 42

• Moral standards must have hegemony. This means that they should reign supreme over all the other standards or norms of valuation, whatever they may be.

Answer 42

Overridingness

Question 43

They have “predominant authority and override other kinds of principles.” Sure, they are not the only standards where human actions can be judged or assessed–but they should take precedence over others, including the technical, legal, religious, cultural, and aesthetic standards.

Answer 43

Overridingness

Question 44

So whenever there is a conflict between the moral norm and any other norm, the moral must prevail.

Answer 44

Overridingness

Question 45

morality over legality: morality over technicality; people over dogma.

Answer 45

Overridingness

Question 46

• Moral standards should stand on their own logic independent of the arbitrariness of the majority.

We can always challenge on logical grounds the tyranny of numbers and the tide of public opinion on matters of right and wrong.

Answer 46

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 47

Something is right or wrong regardless of what the majority decides or says. Moral rules only bow down before the throne of “right reason” even if there are undue pressures coming from the mob and public opinion.

Answer 47

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 48

To follow “wherever the [better] argument leads” is morality’s sole guiding light.

Answer 48

Autonomous from Arbitrary Authority

Question 49

• This means that moral rules and principles must be made public if they are to serve as clear guidelines to our actions.

Answer 49

Publicity

Question 50

principles are made and promulgated to render advice as well as assign praise or blame to certain behaviors. It would be self-defeating to just keep them from public knowledge. For one cannot be made morally accountable for something which one truly does not know.

Answer 50

Publicity

Question 51

If moral principles are indeed impartial and of primordial value, then by all means, they have to be made public.

Keeping them in secret defeats the very purpose why they are created.

You do not hide something that you really think is genuinely good and noble.

Answer 51

Publicity

Question 52

• Moral rules should not be impossible to achieve or else they are not for men but for angels.
  They must be “workable,” and not “too idealistic.”

Answer 52

Practicability

Question 53

Ethical standards must not be over what an ordinary human being is capable of doing.

It should not lay too heavy a burden on people. For what practical use is a norm if it is simply impossible for anyone to follow it?

Answer 53

Practicability

Question 54

• A moral rule or principle must be applicable to everyone, without exception, provided of course that all people are in a relevantly similar situation or context.

“If I judge that an act is right [or wrong] for a certain person, then the act is right [or wrong] for any other relevantly similar person.

Answer 54

Universalizability

Question 55

This also echoes the famous Golden Rule: “Do unto others what you want others to do unto to you,” or put negatively: “Do not do unto others what you don’t want others to do unto you.”

Answer 55

Universalizability